International Journal of Finance and Managerial Accounting
Volume:5 Issue: 17, Spring 2020

Governments have always affected the economic environment as a policy maker. On the other hand, the presence of political connection as representatives of governments in companies affects their administrative and decision - making methods.Firms and managers manage them under environmental conditions by applying different approaches to earning management in order to achieve their goals.The government representatives on the board of directors are affected by applying different methods due to political and economic conditions, and thus in this study the effect of political connection on earnings management practices in Tehran stock exchange (2004-2016) has been paid in 16 industry with 271 companies. The purpose of this study is application of correlation analysis. Multivariate regression has been used to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that in the course of the study, companies have managed earning management and at the same time using more than 70 % of companies using Accrual- earnings management method, there is a relationship between political connection and Real earnings management, and the change of the general level of prices and economic indicators affects the relationship. Also, Accrual- earnings management methods was independent of the political connection of companies and the effect of interaction of the general level of prices and macroeconomic indicators due to the establishment of different governments.

Supply chain management helps partners in the chain to justify internal costs. The pursuit of cost information through the supply chain is very important for controlling costs, which helps to establish and optimize activities in institutions in the value chain. In this research, we have tried to review the literature on Supply Chain Costing in order to predict a model of management dashboard design for supply chain cost estimation, focusing on quantitative models and prediction. For this purpose, after reviewing the supply chain cost literature and examining the scope and purpose of the dashboard design, using the mathematical models and applying actual production and sales data in Tehran Province in the Zamzam Iran  Company  and Zamzam Tehran  Company 22 data courses From March 2016 to December 2017, the subject of this study, the design of the Supply Chain Cost Chain (CHCDM) model and the use of specialized software to prepare reports in the field of business intelligence, predicted the cost estimation dashboard model Supply chain and analysis reports were sensitive. Findings of the research are the best way to predict the combination method and regression method.

Credit risk management is becoming more and more important in recent years. When a company deals with a financial problem, it may not be able to fulfill its financial obligations, which can cause direct and indirect financial losses to shareholders, creditors, investors and other people in the community. Advanced credit risk models that are based on market value include improving credit quality as well as reducing or decreasing credit ratings. In the current study, we investigate a new model called ZPP that was introduced in 2007. This model is one of the advanced models of credit risk and the standard deviation of the model is calculated the GARCH model.
 In this survey we test the accuracy of the ZPP model with GARCH and Simple Standard Deviation. In order to test the accuracy of the model, we have chosen two models: firms with financial problems and companies with financial health, and in each group, we estimated the probability of default by two models and then compared the probability of default with each other. Finally, we found the predictive ability of the G-ZPP model which was obtained by the GARCH model was better than the Variance-ZPP model.

This research reviews and tests two contradicting notions in cost stickiness literature by empirical recognition of the consequences of cost stickiness. Cost stickiness is consistent with both rational resource planning and opportunistic incentives of manager to increase personal benefits arising from status and power. Although both mechanisms involve asymmetric retention of slack, some of the implications are starkly different: the former, according to the optimal resource adjustment view, represents that retaining slack resources during sale decrease are optimal responses to future expectations and contributes to firm value, whereas the latter, according to agency theory-based view, reflects wasteful overspending which can be value-destroying. This research examined a sample of 124 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange over the period of 2002 to 2018. The results show that SG&A cost stickiness is generally a signal of self-interested managers who may grow a firm beyond its optimal size opportunistically while COGS stickiness can be a signal of far-sighted management in the interest of the firm. The results also indicate that investors may not fully recognize the managerial expectations underlying the resource adjustment decisions and mostly perceives SG&A cost stickiness and COGS stickiness as a signal of self-interested managers who decide to maximize their personal utility rather than the interests of the firm’s shareholders.

Auditing is a branch of the social sciences and social components that affect the attitude of the auditor and the type of mental attitude of individuals that affects their professional judgment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mediating the philosophical mindset of auditors on the effects of social responsibility and social intelligence on professional judgment. The statistical population consists of 1585 individuals, whose working in the Iranian Auditing Organization and auditing firms as a member of the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants. In 2018, 196 auditors were selected by using a cluster random sampling method. This research is an applied research method. The method of collecting descriptive information is a survey type of qualitative research and the tools used in the research are standard questionnaires. In this research, structural equation model with partial least squares approach (PLS) has been used to confirm the relationship between variables. Also the assumption of the mediating role of the variable of philosophical mindset was examined using the Sobel test.
The results indicate that social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on professional judgment, and philosophical mindset has a significant and positive mediator role in influencing social responsibility on professional judgment. Also, social intelligence has a significant and positive effect on professional judgment, and philosophical mindset plays a meaningful and positive mediator role in influencing social intelligence on professional judgments

The aim of this research is the analysis of management ability using accounting and corporate governance criteria and also artificial intelligence. The primary independent variables in this study include regulatory variables (characteristics of corporate governance and audit committee) and accounting variables (performance and risk criteria). We took advantage of Demirjian index to measure management ability. The empirical findings Of 178 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2017 indicate that using least angle regression approach, systematic risk variables, management alteration, ownership concentration, financial expertise of the audit committee members and stock returns have a higher power explaining management ability. Analyzing these results, we can say that economic, political and regulatory issues can further affect management ability to measure their performance. Also among other results obtained here we can mention that in management and accounting, to explain and predict continuous financial variables such as management ability, we can take advantage of Fourier online gradient descent approach that has high predictive power.

Noise traders as one of the key elements of the market play a significant role in determining the market volatilities, returns, and stock market mispricing. Hence, this study attempts to scrutinize the role of noise trading in capital asset pricing. Therefore, by using daily data, samples including 14105 data of 200 companies listed on stock exchange were selected and noise trading index was estimated based on Feng et al (2014). Then, using the panel method, monthly noise level of stock exchange was evaluated and the effect of noise factor on risk premium was modelled. Findings indicated that an increase in the noise level in the stock trading leads to a decrease in risk premium, however, stock fluctuations increase significantly. Moreover, the noise factor has a negative and significant effect on risk premiums. Also, market risk premium    and company size have a significant positive effect on risk premium.

Income tax is one of the most important costs of companies and it is usually considered as a cost that should not be paid. One of the most noticeable and influential factors in tax avoidance is corporate ownership structure. With an emphasis on institutional ownership and its types in this paper, it is attempted to measure the effect of this ownership and its types on corporate tax avoidance. For this end, institutional ownership was divided into two active and passive groups and the effect of each type on tax avoidance (book tax avoidance and cash tax avoidance) was examined by a sample of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2014 to 2018.The findings illustrated that institutional ownership generally had a positive effect on tax avoidance. Having divided total institutional ownership into active and passive, it became clear that active institutional owners also had a positive effect on tax avoidance and inspired firms to avoid paying taxes but the effect of passive owners on tax avoidance was negative. Moreover, lead-lag tests of the direction of causality suggest that institutional ownership leads to more tax avoidance and not the reverse.

Financial development is one of the pillars of economic development and growth at national level. While it improves revenue at macro level, its effect on distribution of wealth or income inequality and poverty is unknown. Therefore, the present paper is an analytical attempt to analyze the effects of financial development on poverty along with the factors effective in poverty in selected member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (formerly Organization of the Islamic Conference). By this study, the author hopes to take a small step towards alleviation of poverty in the Islamic countries that claim to be the leaders of justice and eradication of poverty. Based on the findings, ineffectiveness of the financial development index “ratio of private sector credit to gross domestic production” and the positive effect of government consuming spending on poverty are indicatives of state control on the economy in the selected Muslim countries. Expectedly, the private sectors in these countries is smaller and thinner than their public sectors. It is argued that the productivity of the credits to the private sector, in the countries under study, is not enough to affect distribution of wealth and poverty in return. Moreover, ineffectiveness of the other indices of financial development (ratio of liquidity to GDP) and the positive effect of inflation rate on poverty show that liquidity in Muslim countries has led to a higher inflation rate, inequality, and spread of poverty. Finally, the limited effect of the combined index of financial development in the Islamic countries on poverty indicates inefficiency of financial sector in these countries.

One of the problems that organizations are facing is employee desertion. The desertion of poor staff can lead to increase organizational productivity and it’s benefit for organization, while the desertion of effective staff has bad consequences for the organization. These staff imposes significant direct and indirect costs to the organization when leave it. These costs include finding, training, preparing alternative employees, eliminating some of the tacit knowledge of the organization, and joining individual organization. Therefore, it is necessary for organizations to anticipate the desertion of human capital by identifying the factors that affect the desertion of employees to mitigate the adverse effects of this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is the determination effect of professional skepticism and interpersonal trust among auditors, with considering the of organizational behavior characteristics on job durability. Hence, the relationship between two dimensions of professional skepticism, neutrality and presumptive doubt, and two characteristics of organizational behavior as organizational commitment and organizational perceived support on job durability are measured. The statistical society of this study consists of all auditors of audit institutions that are the member of the Association of Certified Public Accountants who are working as an employee in these institutions and not the organization's partners. The structural equation modeling approach has been used for presentation and partial least square software has been used for analysis. The findings of the study show that the exception of the variables neutrality and interpersonal trust of the auditors, the other variables of research affect the auditors job durability.

Assessing risk assets is one of the most important research issues in the financial field. There are various pricing models of capital assets in financial. In many models, it is not possible to consider a lot of restrictions on portfolio selection. In this paper, for choosing optimal portfolios, taking into account the prosperity and recession periods, and the types of investors in terms of risk taking and risk aversion as a limitation, fuzzy goal models have beed used. And finally, it has been compared to the results of the Markowitz pricing model.

Conditions and challenges in the country's banking industry including the increasing intensity of competition in this industry and the quality of services have compounded the importance of assessing the current situation of the internal control systems and its role in increasing the quality of services. It should also be more vital to recognize the drawbacks in order to find new strategies to modify the system and promote it. It is of great importance to identify the factors and characteristics affecting the internal control system of the bank and the quality of services in privatized governmental banks. The statistical population of the study includes experts and banking specialists of privatized governmental banks in Hamadan province. Data collection tools included library studies and semi-structured interviews, the validity of which was validated as content validity. The test results of the model were successful and the conceptual research model was approved and Description of the conceptual model obtained in privatized governmental banks