فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 8 (پاییز 1392)

Agricultural sector is directly affected by climate change, and certainly, the exacerbation of climate anomalies in the future, can threaten the supply of human food. Therefore, the agricultural sector can have the greatest impact on the phenomenon of climate change and also climate change will exacerbate drought and disrupt agricultural activity. Therefore, it is necessary to predict or simulate this effect using various available tools in the field of management, to ensure consumer food security and the maximum welfare of producers, with the necessary planning and policy making. The aim of present study was to investigate the viewpoint of farmers in Aligoudarz (Lorestan province) regarding climate change and the factors affecting it. For this purpose, a descriptive research method was used. The statistical population was Aligoudarz farmers and the sample size was 116, which were selected as random sampling. The questionnaire was used as the main tool for collecting data. Besides, the 30-year weather data were used to check climate change in the area. The results showed that more than 42% of the people have been familiar with the issue of climate change through the media including radio and television, and more than 60% of respondents have a negative attitude toward climate change. This topic was emphasized in more than 14 questions from the questionnaire.

Having suitable information about land use changes is very important in planning and management of lands. Therefore, among the various methods to study these changes, satellite images, RS and GIS technologies were selected to detect these changes. The purpose of this applied research with field study was to evaluate the land use changes in the years 1984, 2002 and 2007 for Ilam city watershed that had a wide land use changes during these periods. Therefore, using ETM satellite images and ENVI software, 8 different land uses were defined for each period and the area of each land use was calculated using ArcGIS software. Classification was made by supervised classification method with 96.5, 92.3 and 97.8% kappa coefficient respectively for the various studied periods. The results showed that during these periods the garden land use had no notable changes, while the unutilized lands had a growing trend rather than other land uses that could be because of the population growth, development of urban, industrial area and also erosion of fertilize lands. Also, the area of forest land use was changing during various periods, which one of the main reasons of decreases is the destruction of forest during Iraq's war for using woods in order to cook and be warm in cold seasons by people who settled in forests of Ilam's city neighborhood. The increase of the forest cover in the last period can also be related to new forest planting area in parks around and within the city by forest, range and watershed organization and also municipality. The results showed that satellite images can be a useful tools in study of land cover changes.

The trend of urban development has led to the emergence of areas facing residential areas in recent years. Meanwhile, cities in the mountainous areas are more likely to face this problem. Baneh is one of the cities of mountainous areas in the west of the country, which has a rapid development of urban development. Considering the importance of the issue, in this research, the areas that are prone to developing settlements in the city of Baneh have been investigated. In this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, eight lithology parameters, distance from fault, elevation, slope, direction, distance from the river, land use, and communication distance have been used. After providing information layers and fuzzing them, they are weighted by using the AHP model, and the resulting weight is then applied to the information layers and eventually the information layers are combined with the use of the fuzzy gamma operator; the final map is obtained. The resulting map combines information layers into five classes, which are very large, medium, low, and very much proportionate. The assessment of classes indicates that only about 30% of the study area is in very high proportion, indicating that Baneh City has many limitations for the purposes of urban development.

Tourism regional planning to prevent unbalanced development of tourism destinations is one of the important issues in development tourism industry in developing countries. For tourism regional planning, identification regions position relative to each other is necessary. The concept of development included balanced distribution in addition to growth in all directions. Employment that is the most important economic indicators for evaluating the balanced development in national and regional levels is the main economic benefits of tourism. This study has investigated employment changes in tourism sector and it’s impact on balanced regional development in Gilan province during two time periods 1996-2006 and 2006-2011. The research method is descriptive–analytical. Information needed has collected relying on documentary research. For analyze employment changes in tourism sector has used number of employees "activities related to provide accommodation and food" as an alternative in this field. Our findings by using shift-share analysis, LQ and entropy models indicates that during in this tow period employment in tourism sector has been positive growth in province. While it’s distribution in county province has been along balanced regional development on period 1996-2006 and hasn't been in this regard on period 2006-2011. In the first period, except the county of Astara, Rasht, Shaft and Sowmee- Sara and Fooman, other counties has been more growing than province in this part of the province's economy and on period 2006-2011, except the county of Rasht, Roudsar, Lahijan and Masal that has been more growing than province, 12 other county has been negative growth in this regard. Additionally, during the first period Fouman, Astaneye-Ashrafieh and Langeroud counties and during the second period Rasht, Amlash and Lahijan counties have been the most successful operation in the field of increasing the share of employment in tourism sector.

One of the most proceedings in flood management projects is the study participation rate of different sub-basins a drainage basin in determination of various component of the output flood of basin. Considering the lack of hydrometric stations in all sub-basin outlet, performance of these target requires the simulation of rainfall–runoff in sub-basins by hydrological models. In this research, the HEC – HMS rainfall-runoff model was used in order to determining the amount of output flood in each sub-basin and its participation rate in output flood of Khorramabad drainage basin in Lorestan province. For this purpose, after gathering rainfall and flood data from synoptic and hydrometric stations which were located inside and outside of the basin and checking of the data, 5 shower occurrences and simultaneity runoff for calibration and validation of model were used. CN map was extracted in ArcGIS by using the state information of vegetation cover, soil and land use of drainage basin. Rainfall hyetograph was the input of the model in different return period including 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 years and then with sequential deletion of sub-basins from the simulation was determined its influence rate in peak discharge and flood outflow volume from the basin. The results showed that the priority of participation in peak discharge and flood volume was dedicated to sub-basin 5 because it is larger than other. To access the flood features without the effect of area, the highest discharge peak was for the sub-basins 4 and the priority for flood volume was dedicated to the 2 sub-basins. The results have provided the correct management of flood by the management of critical sub-basins in case study area.

Landslides are considered as one of the domain processes that are the result of natural processes and human activities. These processes are among the most damaging natural hazards that have been accelerating as human manipulation of natural systems in recent decades. Considering that identification and segmentation of susceptible areas and risk zoning is an important step in assessing environmental hazards, this study evaluates the degradation status of the Lasm basin. In this research, the geomorphology, geology and human parameters of the basin have been evaluated first. Then, using the hierarchical analysis method (AHP) and the experts' opinion, the layers used are valued. After obtaining the weight of the layers by the AHP model, the weights obtained on the layers were applied and then the information layers were combined with the fuzzy logic model and a final map was obtained. The studied basin has been classified in 5 classes in terms of potential landslide in order to better distinguish and evaluate more easily. The results show that about 43% of the total area of the basin (about 129 km2) is located in the area with a high and very high potential for landslide, which is mainly located in the southern part of the basin (due to the availability of most conditions). Besides, the results showed potential occurrence of landslides in the studied basin is generally increased from north to south and from west to east.