فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 49 (زمستان 1402)

Nowadays, natural disasters threaten human societies. In the case of lack of awareness and readiness, irreparable damage threatens to human life, including residential areas and other dimensions, economic, social, institutional, and physical-environmental. As a result, communities have different approaches to reduce the impact of natural disasters. One of these approaches is resilience against natural disasters. This research studies the effective economic, social, institutional, and physical-environmental factors on the resilience of Dehgolan's county against natural disasters. Dehgolan county is located in the east of Kurdistan province. The present research is based on applied research and the method is descriptive-analytical and surveying. To collect field information using the household questionnaire technique and to do the analysis of the T-test one-sample test, regression, and ANOVA were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, and its value was 0.88 for the entire questionnaire. The results of the t-test showed that the level of resilience of Dehgolan county against natural disasters in the physical-environmental, economic, social and institutional dimensions is optimal with an average of 3.476, 3.358, 3.315, and 3.306 respectively. But considering the significant level of the physical-environmental dimension (0.056) which is greater than (p>0.05), it cannot have an impact on the resilience of Dehgolan county. In this way, the economic dimension has the most impact on the resilience of this county, and the social and institutional dimensions are in the next ranks. The results of this research can be used by Officials and planners to deal with natural disasters.

Nowadays, natural disasters and hazards are increasingly threatening human societies. Therefore, human beings, as managerial rulers anywhere in the world, need to take managerial measures to reduce risks to make communities resilient to natural disasters. One of the problems that have always threatened the lives of human societies for many centuries is the occurrence of disasters and hazards that, if unaware and unprepared, cause irreparable damage to various aspects of human life, including residential areas and their housing, social, economic, environmental, psychological, and so on. Natural disasters are hazards that occur unexpectedly and sometimes inevitably and are beyond the capacity of societies' adaptation due to the expansion of material and human resources and the interruption of the natural course of life. There are two strategies to face disasters and hazards: prediction strategies and resilience strategies. The former is used to deal with known problems and issues, and the latter is used to deal with unknown problems. Since one of the most important factors that mitigate the damage of natural disasters in communities is the prior preparedness to deal with such disasters, it can be done through optimal and principled planning to a large extent. Communities' resilience to the effects of natural disasters involves a complex set of interdependencies of economic, social, and environmental characteristics. Major economic and social conditions, etc. in the community before sudden disruptions warn the ability of residents against natural disasters so that local decision-makers provide the necessary resources within the local or intra-government and foster managers and people to coordinate a quick and effective response. Iran is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world due to its climatic and geological characteristics and especially its location on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt. It has a high vulnerability to natural disasters so 31.7 percent of its total area is located in areas prone to natural disasters, and 70 percent of the population lives in different areas exposed to natural disasters. The current study aimed to investigate the resilience of different areas of Dehgolan county in four aspects economic, social, institutional, and physical-environmental to mitigate the effect of natural disasters.

The current study investigated the influential economic, social, institutional, and environmental factors in the resilience of different areas of Dehgolan county against natural hazards. This study was applied, and analytical-descriptive and survey research. Field research and researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect the data and study the resilience of studies and villages of Dehgolan county. Data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using a One-sample t-test, regression analysis, and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The statistical population in the current study included the heads of households of two cities (Dehgolan and Bolbanabad cities) and ten villages of Dehgolan county selected by a simple random sampling method. The statistical sample size of the research was 376 households based on Cochran's formula. Opinions of professors of Tabriz University and experts of some organizations and administrations of the county were used for the validity of the questionnaire, and the selected indicators and the questionnaire and components were investigated based on the research subject. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire the value of which was 0.88, indicating high reliability. 

In the current study, a one-sample t-test was used to evaluate the different areas of Dehgolan county in terms of economic, social, institutional, and physical-environmental indicators. The results obtained showed that the environmental-physical indicator with a mean value of 3.476, the economic indicator with a mean value of 3.358, the social indicator with a mean value of 3.315, and the institutional indicator with a mean value of 3.06, have the ability to influence the resilience of Dehgolan county against natural disasters. The findings indicated that there is a difference in the county in terms of environmental-physical, institutional, social, and economic indicators. Linear regression and correlation coefficient were used to investigate the effect of each of these aspects on the resilience of Dehgolan county. The results depicted that the correlation coefficient was 0.37 among the indicators. Overall, according to the obtained results, the resilience (in four aspects of economic, social, institutional, and environmental-physical) was higher than 3, indicating a suitable condition of resilience in Dehgolan county. But considering the significant level of the physical-environmental dimension (0.056) which is greater than (p>0.05), it cannot have an impact on the resilience of Dehgolan county.

 The current study investigated the resilience of Dehgolan county based on four aspects economic, social, institutional, and environmental-physical. The high average of the dimensions of resilience shows that, based on the opinion of the residents of the local community, the resilience of the areas of Dehgolan county is in a suitable condition. That is, it can be said that the people of Dehgolan county have the necessary resilience to return to their original state in the face of various natural disasters. This situation is consistent with the findings of Masoompour Samakusho et al. (2020) and Pudine et al. (2021). However, this is contrary to the results of Behtash's studies (2012) regarding the low resilience of Tabriz city against natural disasters.

The sustainable development of rural areas is one of the main programs of governments, which has been receiving attention for a long time. Sustainable development in villages can bring a lot of benefits in different economic, social, political, etc. dimensions. The main goal of the current research is to identify and prioritize effective approaches in order to create sustainable development in rural areas. The current research method is mixed, which investigates the issue using a sequential exploratory approach. In the first phase, the qualitative method of the focus group was used, and the corresponding codes were extracted by using semi-structured interviews and forming three consecutive groups. Then, in the second phase, each of the themes and indicators was prioritized using the quantitative weighting assignment (WA) method. The participants of both phases were from the academic and executive fields, and the first phase, used the purposive sampling method; in the second phase, interviews and questionnaires were collected using the stratified sampling method. According to the research findings, 134 primary codes, 46 key codes, 20 integrative codes, and 4 overarching categories were extracted, which are the main components and indicators of sustainable development in rural areas, which are considered as development bridges. From the results of the present research, the importance of supporting entrepreneurship and rural empowerment projects; providing long-term and easily accessible banking facilities and services; Rural strategic planning and management; and Improving the mechanism and necessary fields for attracting capital in the rural environment pointed out that they can provide favorable conditions for the implementation of various plans and projects in order to create sustainable development in rural areas.

In recent years, rural areas have become important places with great potential to create significant synergies to achieve sustainable rural development. However, in achieving sustainable rural development, there are obstacles that must be scientifically and carefully investigated and implemented. In most developing countries, the Rural Development Degree (RDD) largely reflects the degree of socio-economic development and national modernization. According to the latest statistics announced by Iran Statistics Center, about 74 percent of the country's population lives in urban areas and less than 26 percent in rural areas. These official statistics show that despite the excessive migration to cities and the existence of numerous problems in the villages, nearly 30 percent of the country's population still lives in the villages, and paying attention to the sustainable development of these areas is one of the main needs of these areas.For a long time, rural areas have been considered the most important economic activity for centuries. For this reason, many countries are trying to create sustainable development in villages by adopting different strategies and programs. Rural development is a set of activities and actions of different actors - individuals, organizations, and groups - which together lead to progress in rural areas. Therefore, in this research, the main goal is to identify and prioritize effective solutions to create sustainable development in rural areas, which takes place in the context of development and related concepts.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and of a mixed type. The approach used in it is a sequential exploratory approach that is carried out in two qualitative and quantitative phases. Thus, in the first phase, using the qualitative method of "focus group", through semi-structured interviews, the desired information is collected and categorized in the form of themes; Then in the second phase, that is, the quantitative phase; Using the quantitative Weighting Assignment (WA) Method, each of the themes have been approved or rejected by experts. Due to the limitations of access to some experts and the spread of the coronavirus, the online focus group method was used in this research, and the interviews were collected in the online environment of one of the social applications. Semi-structured interviews were collected between May 2021 and April 2022. The geographical area under study is the villages of Alborz province, and each of the experts has full knowledge about the characteristics of this province and most of its villages. Three main categories were involved in these groups. The first group includes 6 experts in the field of urban and rural management and planning; The second group consists of 5 experts in public administration and sustainable development, and the third group, which is a collective group, consists of 8 experts in geography, urban and rural planning, and village executives who have executive and academic experience in this field in each of the interviews, the raw data were extracted independently and the initial reflections were discussed and using the "three-axis coding framework" in accordance with the inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the process of coding and extracting themes began, and continued until the theoretical saturation stage.

In the first phase, themes and indicators were extracted using semi-structured interviews. The main topic of each interview was done with reference to rural development evaluation indicators. And each of the interviews of the first, second, and third categories were conducted and analyzed in line with these axes. The time of each interview was 1 to 2 hours, which was recorded and transcribed. The reason for using semi-structured interviews was that the researcher used a semi-structured interview guide with pre-planned instructions to ensure that the same main questions were asked for all groups. Also, the index items of rural development evaluation were given to the relevant experts before the start of the focus group meeting. Finally, 134 primary or raw codes, 46 key codes, 20 Integrative codes, and 4 overarching codes were extracted.After collecting the interviews; According to the three-axis coding framework, primary codes are extracted first, and then it is time to categorize the centralized codes and finally systematic coding. In the following, the themes (components) and indicators of creating sustainable development in rural areas are stated. It should be noted that the indicators are the result of systematic coding, And the components or themes are the result of the classification of systematic codes. Four main themes or components have been identified with 20 related indicators, which are the components and indicators of creating sustainable development in rural areas, according to the quantitative phase, all the components were approved by the experts.

Achieving the sustainable development of rural areas is not only a big challenge for the development of rural areas, but also the vision and goal of the future development of rural areas, especially for our country, Iran, where a large number of its population lives in villages. The above themes and indicators, each of which can play a role as bridges for sustainable rural development, suggest different approaches in this field. In relation to smart rural governance and grassroots people, which was raised as one of the main themes; In our country, it has been emphasized many times that the crisis is lurking in the villages and good governance should be the priority of the government. Sustainable rural development, while creating such economic and social structures that can generate income for residents, meet their diverse approaches and needs, and improve access to public goods and services, and at the same time, the negative effects of phenomena such as weak rural economy, unemployment, migration unreasonably reduce the cities and even old and new theories confirm these things. Sustainable rural development can be developed in different ways. According to the first theme, the smart village is one of the things that seems to be useful in the current conditions of the country.

For rural ecological biodiversity, environmental governance was raised. Although the law was also proposed by the Governors of the World General Assembly of the Environment, it has faced problems due to the development pattern above and several centuries in the country of rural environmental governance. The purpose of the present study is to investigate rural environmental governance in Iran and design its model. The present study has a practical purpose in terms of the method of doing so. The data collection tool has been structured. The statistical population has been government and rural managers and academic experts. 15 samples were selected using the purposeful sampling method and with theoretical saturation. The theory and method of Strauss and Corbin (1998) were used to analyze the information. The results showed that the reasons for the neglect of rural environmental governance in Iran due to the focus of environmental governance ideas on urban areas were the lack of awareness of sustainable development among local leaders and the lack of an environmental governance model in the country. These causes have been due to problems such as inadequate laws on rural environmental protection, government-centered environmental governance in rural areas, and lack of local management guarantees to protect the rural environment. Removing these problems depends on the determination of multiple paths such as establishing participatory governance in environmental protection, strengthening the sense of rural participation in environmental protection, balancing economic and environmental interests, and developing a rural environmental governance system by law. Be. Removing the above problems and applying the paths provided can protect the environment, solve environmental problems, environmental sustainability, and sustainable rural development. The originality and innovation of this study are due to the first-hand view of rural environmental governance and the provision of paths to overcome environmental instability in the country.

The Rural Environmental Governance Act is an important part of national and global governance that was presented as a set of statements for rural ecological and environmental governance. Rural environmental governance decides on the control and management of rural environmental and natural resources. The law calls for all political and non-political actors to work in rural environmental management. In fact, this law engages complex environmental problems by engaging local and non-local actors in numerous political issues and often interdependent. In Iran, it has not been addressed as the sustainable environmental issue and the use of environmental governance in the country; The internal laws of the country and the assumptions of good environmental governance also usually have a low, urban, not rural approach. It should be noted that the application of the Rural Environmental Governance Act and its use depends on the recognition of this law and identifying the problems and paths of rural environmental governance in the country. This has constantly challenged the country's rural environment. Given the importance of this issue, the purpose of the present study is to investigate rural environmental governance in Iran (problems, paths, challenges, and consequences).

The present study is classified in the field of applied research. This study is part of the classification of classification research on how to collect the required data. The statistical population includes the country's middle-level managers, and academic experts in the country who have been selected for interviews and completion of the qualitative questionnaire and according to the purpose of the research. In the present study, using the Delphi method and the purpose of the research, 15 experts (rural managers, academic experts/ university lecturers, and postgraduate students) are selected as an example for the present study. Strauss and Corbin (1998) and contextual theory were used to analyze the data and information obtained according to the research questions and the purpose of the research. The data analysis was done by the Strauss and Corbin method and simultaneously with data collection.

Based on the coding, all themes, categories, and concepts, based on structured interviews, analyzed and categorized with 15 selected experts were as follows. Their full details are also provided. Open coding (general concept) led to the identification of 55 general concepts; Codesting (the category) led to the identification of 15 categories; Selected coding (theme) led to the identification of four general causes of neglect of the use of rural environmental governance in Iran, problems and challenges of rural environmental governance, multiple strategies and paths to improve rural environmental governance and the consequences of rural environmental governing became. The three stages of coding led to the identification of the causes of neglect of the use of rural environmental governance in Iran, the problems and challenges of rural environmental governance, strategies, and multiple paths to improve rural environmental governance, and the consequences of rural environmental care and use in Iran. To formulate a rural environmental governance model in Iran, in accordance with questions and goals that identify the causes of delay in application, legislative problems, multiple paths to improve rural environmental governance, and the consequences of rural environmental governance and design design in Iran were presented in Iran. The validity of the country's rural environmental governance model was reviewed prepared and drawn in the form of the final model.

The results showed that the reasons for the neglect of rural environmental governance in Iran due to the focus of environmental governance ideas on urban areas were the lack of awareness of sustainable development among local leaders and the lack of an environmental governance model in the country. These causes have been due to problems such as inadequate laws on rural environmental protection, government-centered environmental governance in rural areas, and lack of local management guarantees to protect the rural environment. Removing these problems depends on the determination of multiple paths such as establishing participatory governance in environmental protection, strengthening the sense of rural participation in environmental protection, balancing economic and environmental interests, and developing a rural environmental governance system by law. Removing the above problems and applying the paths provided can protect the environment, solve environmental problems, environmental sustainability, and sustainable rural development.

Modeling habitat network connections in biodiversity conservation planning is one of the global priorities of landscape ecology and ecological security. Destruction of landscape structure by creating disjointed habitats and disconnection in landscape patches leads to disturbance in ecological functions. This research aimed to model the landscape corridors of South Khorasan Province to link habitats together to increase habitat network connections. This, in spite of avoiding island management of conserved areas, causes sustainable protection of ecological security. First, the habitat quality map of the study area was modeled, and then it was converted into a habitat resistance map. Habitat hotspots were also extracted from the habitat quality map using the Getis-Ord G approach. Finally, Habitat corridors and the most significant connecting regions were modeled using the habitat quality and resistance maps in Circuitscape software based on circuit theory. The findings indicated that several regions are capable of producing flow with intensities ranging from 0 to 114.5 Ampere. These areas include about 4,944,200 ha (33%) of the entire study area, of which 900 ha are hot corridors, which can be thought of as corridors that facilitate species movement and can mitigate the negative effects of habitat fragmentation. Therefore, for efficient protection of habitat network security, it is necessary for planners to pay attention to the important corridors for connecting the habitats. The results of this study in the South Khorasan Province can pave the way for operational measures to be taken to construct and plan the protection of corridors and improve the habitat performance of the landscape.

Habitat fragmentation, interruption of the movement of organisms, and gene flow between them are considered a threat to the supply of habitat services in the landscape. It can lead species populations to extinction. Landscape connection is defined as the ability of landscape structure and composition to facilitate the movement of people and populations among habitat patches, and it is considered an important feature of the landscape. Establishing and maintaining gene flow between habitats and populations of species to prevent the fragmentation of habitats in the medium term and to prevent the extinction of species in the long term is one of the main goals of designing ecological corridors and connections. It is considered and causes preservation and supply of habitat services. Modeling habitat network connections in biodiversity conservation planning is one of the global priorities of landscape ecology and ecological security. Destruction of landscape structure by creating disjointed habitats and disconnection in landscape patches leads to disturbance in ecologic functions. This research aimed to model the landscape corridors of South Khorasan Province to link habitats together to increase habitat network connections. In spite of avoiding island management of conserved areas, this matter causes sustainable protection of ecological security.

The province of South Khorasan is a study area that has seven protected areas, three wildlife refuges, and six no-hunting areas. The province's diverse ecosystems and habitats have resulted in an abundance of species in arid land areas. In the first step, habitat quality was modeled using InVEST software. Then, based on the modeled map of the habitat obtained in the previous step, the habitat resistance map was considered as the inverse of the habitat quality. Then, a habitat resistance map and habitat hotspots were prepared as input in Circuitscape software. Also, habitat hotspots were extracted through spatial data mining using the Getis-Ord Gi method. In the third step, by implementing Circuitscape software, habitat corridors were designed in the South Khorasan province based on the circuit theory.

Modeling the status of habitat quality has a vital impact on biodiversity conservation strategies. Threats affect landscape fragmentation and functions and processes and lead the ecosystem to decrease the supply of habitat services. Therefore, building ecological networks by identifying and facilitating the connections of habitats and planning to improve their performance is considered a solution to deal with this crisis and sustainable conservation of habitats. The research method was applied according to the mentioned framework. For this purpose, the status of threat sources, their location, and distribution were determined by reviewing extensive studies. We identified ten types of threats and modeled the habitat quality. Habitat corridors and the most important communication areas were modeled based on the circuit theory using Circuitscape software. Finally, habitat corridors and the most significant connecting regions were modeled using the habitat quality and resistance maps in Circuitscape software based on circuit theory.  Results indicated that several regions are capable of producing flow with intensities ranging from 0 to 114.5. These areas include about 4,944,200 ha (33%) of the entire study area, of which 900 ha are hot corridors, which can be thought of as corridors that facilitate species movement. Another important result of this research was the identification of important connection areas called pinch points. The ease of movement along important connection areas (subject to their protection) can partially compensate for the negative effects of habitat fragmentation by connecting isolated populations and help to identify and review gaps in conservation planning.

In this research, sustainable conservation of biodiversity was done with a method based on habitat corridor modeling and circuit theory. The importance of conducting this research to identify corridors between habitat patches is because the circuit theory provides the possibility to evaluate the strength and intensity of the connection. The application of results of this research can be used to guide the conservation planning development of the province's ecological network based on the supply of habitat services to ensure the survival of wildlife and biodiversity with great benefit and the least cost. Also, as an effective conservation strategy, it causes integration and maximum supply of this service, which enables territorial managers to achieve ecological security and ultimately sustainable development. The results of this study in the South Khorasan Province can pave the way for operational measures to be taken to construct and plan the protection of corridors and improve the habitat performance of the landscape.

Today, the optimal pattern of urban growth is one of the important topics of sustainable urban development. Therefore, the efforts of urban planners are to replace desirable urban patterns instead of sprawl, horizontal, unplanned, and unstable patterns. Therefore, to determine the spatiotemporal pattern of the growth of Bandar Abbas city in 36 years and formulate strategies for sustainable land planning, this research has examined the pattern of urban growth in three modes internal, external, and edge growth over time. To achieve the goal of the research, remote sensing techniques, geographic information system, landscape expansion index, Area weighted Mean expansion index, and the density of built areas in concentric zones around the organic core of the city have been used. In this regard, changes in the land cover through the classification of satellite images of four periods of 1987, 1999, 2010, and 2023 into five classes of built-up areas, barren lands, vegetation, coastal wetlands, and water zone using the maximum likelihood method. Determining the probability of conversion, the results of the research showed that in the 36-year period, the built-up lands had the largest area changes, and the barren lands had a decrease in area, and since 2009, the vegetation cover has faced a sharp decrease. Area. The results of the analysis of the landscape expansion index and the weighted average of the regional expansion index showed that in the first period (1987-1999) the city had an edge pattern and in the second period (1987-2010) it was inner and edge. The growth has increased and the pattern of the city has become denser and more compact and in the third period (2010-2023) the city has gone towards dispersion and instability. Finally, sustainable land planning tools have been presented.

The ever-increasing growth of the population of cities, under the influence of population growth and migration to cities, has caused unstable conditions in the pattern of urban development. The widespread and sprawl development around the city causes an increase in fuel consumption, air pollution, an increase in the cost of access to services, destruction of agricultural and garden lands around the city, and a decrease in the quality of landscapes. Therefore, urban planners consider urban growth patterns to solve urban problems and achieve sustainable urban development. In 1995, Forman divided urban growth patterns into three main classes: internal or endogenous development, edge or connected development, and external or detached development, which is an unstable form of urban development. Since the middle of the 20th century, urban sprawl refers to low-density development, scattered and far from urban centers, which causes the destruction of open lands and agricultural lands around the city. This development happens when the area of the city does not respond to the population added to the city and the expansion to the periphery causes the dispersion of urban functions outside the administrative boundaries. On the other hand, one of the most successful models of sustainable urban development in the world is endogenous development, whose main goal is balanced, balanced, and sustainable development. In endogenous development, instead of expanding the city to the periphery, the growth of the city takes place vertically and endogenously in the inner areas of the city, for this purpose, policies such as improving and renovating worn-out and old structures in the city and unused lands and land Empty spaces in the city are used for new developments. The case example of this research is the city of Bandar Abbas, which in recent years, under the influence of the rapid growth of population and area, has caused urban fragmentation and spatial instability of this city. For this purpose, policies such as improving and renovating worn-out and old structures in the city and unused lands and empty lands in the city are used for new developments. The case example of this research is the city of Bandar Abbas, which in recent years, under the influence of the rapid growth of population and area, has caused urban fragmentation and spatial instability of this city.

In this research, satellite images of 1987, 1999, 2010, and 2023 have been used to prepare maps of different land covers. These satellite images have been classified using ENVI software and training samples with a supervised classification method and maximum likelihood algorithm. Based on the purpose of this research, five classes of vegetation cover, bare land, built-up land, coastal wetland, and water zone have been considered. Also, the basis of the analysis of temporal spatial changes of three types of internal, sprawl, and edge expansion in this research is the land cover maps, for this purpose, the landscape expansion index, the weighted average expansion index of the area and the density of built areas in the area Concentric circles around the organic core of the city have been used.

The results obtained from the analysis of land cover changes indicate the upward trend of built-up lands from 1987 to 2023 so that in the 36-year period, built-up lands have increased by 3185.758 hectares. In contrast, barren lands have had a significant downward trend due to their conversion into built-up lands. These changes in recent years, in addition to the destruction of vegetation, and the destruction of natural landscapes, have caused the loss of urban cohesion and integration, and urban fragmentation and instability. The results of the analysis of the landscape expansion index and the weighted average expansion index of the region and the density of three types of internal, external, and edge growth around the organic core of the city, as well as edge and expansion and continuous growth on the outskirts of the city in line with the communication axes towards the edge The city in the period of 1987-1999 and 1999-2010 shows that in the period of 1999-2010, the intensity of intensive internal and edge growth increases. In the period of 2010-2023, the lands built separately and individually will grow significantly. Therefore, they create a bad and unbalanced urban growth. The strategies in five axes include 1) the use of barren lands within the city, 2) the redevelopment of unsuitable and abandoned lands within the city, 3) the redevelopment of old and dilapidated built areas within the city, 4) the use of higher density of buildings instead of development Low density is provided to the periphery of the city and 5) the use of the green belt.

Spatial and temporal planning of sustainable urban growth patterns requires analysis of land cover changes, formulation of strategies, and planning measures to modify and improve the state of urban growth patterns based on the proposed principles and suggested strategies of this research. The methods and strategies used in this article can be a guide for urban planners in guiding and controlling the physical changes of cities with the aim of improving the structure and performance of cities and as a result, improving the quality of life of citizens.

Sustainable land management is considered a sustainable way to combat the threat of various forms of land destruction and erosion. However, there is little information on the factors affecting the household's decision to implement sustainable land management practices. In the present study, the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management practices by rural households applied in Sib and Souran county have been analyzed. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research is the Rural Households of the Sib and Soran area, which was selected by 230 sample formulas by random sampling method. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data and information. Descriptive statistics were used to identify sustainable management practices. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to identify the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management practices by rural households. The results of the methods used showed that in this area more basic and simple methods do not require much cost and capital. Using animal/ animal fertilizer, use of organic and green fertilizers, plowing the land for the slope of the land, creating an empty and rocky dam at the top of the land, and creating earthy seals and the most important sustainable management methods in the Sib and Souran area. The results of the structural equation model factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management methods by rural households also showed that the properties of agricultural farms with a coefficient of 0.79 had the most impact on the implementation of sustainable land management practices in the Sib and Soran area. The factor of Agricultural Ecology Properties with an Impact Coincision of 0.73, Organizational Support and Infrastructure Factor with an Impact Coincision of 0.69, Household Properties of 0.68, and Social and Economic Properties Factor with an Impact of 0.65, are subsequent.

The study area of the present study is Sib and Souran county in Sistan and Baluchestan province. In the county of Sib and Souran, the income and livelihood of many rural households is dependent on land. Due to the drought and lack of water in the area, the lack of sufficient nutrient supply, and the reduction of soil organic matter, causes soil erosion, which can affect the quality of agriculture and consequently affect the income of farmers. As a result, the use of sustainable land management practices can reduce soil erosion and thus increase the efficiency of agricultural products, which is essential for rural development in this area. One of the necessities for the use of sustainable land management is to identify the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management practices. To increase sustainable agricultural productivity, a good understanding of the causes and factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management methods from the first and most important forecasts to use sustainable land management practices and beneficiaries is resources. Therefore, in the present study, the present study examines the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management practices by rural households in the Sib and Souran area.

The present study has been part of applied research. In terms of collection/ collection of research information and data, research is a type of research and research. In terms of research methods, it also includes descriptive-analytical methods. The theoretical foundations and literature of the research have been developed and presented through the study of the library. The data collection and field data collection tool has also been a freelance researcher and interview. The statistical population of this study has been farmers in the area and city of Sib and Soran in Sistan and Baluchestan province. To specify the research samples, a simple random sampling method was selected using the Cochran formula. Accordingly, 230 samples were selected. Descriptive statistics and structural equation models (SEM) and Amos graphics software were used to analyze information and investigate sustainable land management practices. The validity of the questionnaire is measured using content validity. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to evaluate the reliability of the measurement tool.

The results of the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management methods showed that all 5 factors can have an impact on the implementation of sustainable land management as a hidden factor. In the meantime, the agent of farms and properties of agricultural fields and land with a factor load of 0.79 has had the most impact on the implementation of sustainable land management practices. Characteristics of Agricultural Land Ecology with a Factor and Coincision of 0.73, Organizational Support and Infrastructure with a Factor Coefficient and Coefficient of 0.69, Factor Household Characteristics and Coefficient of 0.68, Social and Economic Characteristics The factor load and the coefficient of 0.65 are subsequent. Standard estimates of the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management methods showed that the properties of agricultural farms and the direct impact of 0.79 had the most impact on the implementation of sustainable land management practices in the county of Sib and Souran. The results of indirect effects and non-standard estimates Model Factors Affecting Sustainable Land Management methods showed that out of 25 micro-variables (index), most indirect effects related to variables such as experience and native farmers' knowledge, number of family/ family workforce, Type of ownership, credit and banking access, soil fertility and land slope, cash money; Capital and farmers' income and costs have been the implementation of management practices.

The results of the methods used showed that in this area more basic and simple methods do not require much cost and capital. Using animal/ animal fertilizer, use of organic and green fertilizers, plowing the land for the slope of the land, creating an empty and rocky dam at the top of the land, and creating earthy seals and the most important sustainable management methods applied in the Sib and Souran county. The results of the structural equations model also showed that the factors of agricultural farms had the most impact on the implementation of sustainable land management practices in the Sib and Souran area. The factor of agricultural ecology properties, the cause of organizational support and infrastructure, the factor of household characteristics, and the factor of social and economic characteristics have been subsequent.

Physical security in residential areas and neighborhoods has led to an increase in the quantitative and qualitative level of well-being and provides the basis for the formation of residents' interaction in the urban environment. However, usually in urban environments, sustainable housing plays the greatest role in increasing and realizing physical security. In this regard, the aim of this research is to investigate and analyze the indicators of sustainable housing and their role in the realization and promotion of physical security in the neighborhoods of the 17th district of Tehran metropolis. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The method of data collection was done in the library and field, and the sampling was purposeful, and 20 urban specialists and experts were selected for questioning. Weighting and determining the value of subjective indicators (33 sub-indices in 6 categories of equitable distribution of residential services, efficient transportation, vitality, healthy environment, fair housing, and dynamic cultural heritage) and objective (14 sub-indices in 3 categories of design-architecture, technical indicators - Engineering and accessibility), using the methods of pairwise comparisons and fuzzy AHP, and the desirability of each of the indicators and their role in physical security, separated by localities, are displayed in the GIS environment. The results of the research showed that Yaftabad and East Abuzar neighborhoods have a favorable situation in terms of physical security with weight (0.132 and 0.084), respectively. Golchin (0.078) and Boloursazi (0.076) locations are in acceptable condition; Bagh Khazaneh (0.074) and Emamzadeh Hasan (0.073) neighborhoods are in average condition; The localities of Jalili (0.066), West Abuzar (0.064), Zehtabi (0.063) and Emam Sajjad (AS) (0.062) are in poor condition and the localities of Vesfanard (0.060), Azari (0.058) ), Moghadam (0.057) and Zamzam (0.050) are in unfavorable conditions.

At the same time, housing is the main factor of people's socialization towards the world and the major and decisive capital in the social organization of space, which plays a very decisive role in the formation of individual identity, social relations, and collective goals of people. Housing is more than a physical structure, it is an institution with a multi-dimensional function, which has different spatial, architectural, physical, economic, social, financial, psychological, and medical dimensions. Housing is the most important element of the city, and in the sustainable development of the city, paying attention to its sustainability is known as its most essential aspect. Therefore, the relationship between sustainability and housing is two-way. In this regard, man has different needs during his life, which he plans to fulfill. In today's world, in terms of the expansion of urbanization and the special interactions of citizens with each other, as well as from the perspective of urban design and architecture, security in cities has gained special importance. The need for security in cities has brought spatial and physical reflections as an important and vital principle. Therefore, establishing security in the urban structure and giving citizens a sense of security is increasingly important. In fact, the basis of urban life is based on this axis.

The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The method of data collection has been carried out in the form of the library (examination of documents, statistics information, and research related to the subject) and field (interview and questionnaire distribution). Sampling was purposeful and 20 urban experts were selected for questioning. In this research, to analyze the indicators (two categories of mental and objective indicators); In the analysis of subjective indicators, scoring was done using the opinions of specialists and urban experts, and finally, using the "pairwise comparison" method, the indicators were weighted, and the effects of each of them (indicators) were determined with different intensity and weakness in the localities. For the objective indicators, weighting and ranking were done using Fuzzy AHP, and the layers related to each of their dimensions and sub-indices were prepared in the GIS environment, finally, the neighborhoods in terms of the impact of sustainable housing on physical security were divided into neighborhoods and stratified into three Weak, medium and favorable categories were identified.

The results show from the objective indicators aspect, in terms of design-architecture dimension indicators such as the number of building floors, area (smallness), population density, indefensible spaces (lack of lighting), and residential density; The neighborhoods of the 17th district of Tehran are not very different from each other. Only "Yaftabad neighborhood" is in a favorable situation in this regard. "Emamzadeh Hasan neighborhood" is also in an average condition and the rest of the neighborhoods are also in an unfavorable condition. In this regard, the physical texture of area 17 has the following characteristics: extremely worn and dense, incoherent and disjointed, irregular in terms of the type of use and having strong interference of use, having granularity with an increase in fine-grained elements, compactness of the texture and their location on Mainly narrow and long passages, high wear and tear of residential and non-residential units, construction of buildings using non-resistant and non-standard materials, old buildings, etc. Finally, by scoring and summarizing the weight of all the indicators related to the physical security of the neighborhoods of the 17th region, they were categorized into 3 categories with favorable, medium, and weak spectra. The localities of Yaftabad and East Abuzar, Boloursazi, and Golchin have a favorable situation in terms of physical security. Bagh Khazaneh and Eemamzadeh Hassan and Jalili neighborhoods are in average condition and West Abuzar, emam Sajjad, Zehtabi, Azari, Moghadam, Wesfanard and Zamzam neighborhoods are in unfavorable conditions. From the metal indicators aspect, "Azari, Moghadam, Golchin, Wesfanard and Zehtabi" localities are in poor condition; "Boloursazi, Eemamzadeh Hasan and Yaftabad" localities are in average condition and "Bagh Khazaneh, East Abuzar , West Abuzar, Emam Sajjad" localities ), Jalili and Zamzam" are in the ideal state of stable housing in order to achieve physical security. It should be noted that this classification is based on the scoring of selected experts on subjective indicators.

In this research, after stating the features of sustainable housing in the target area and checking the normality or abnormality of the indicators, the most important features affecting the promotion of physical security in the said area were determined. In this regard, the selected indicators were divided into two subjective and objective categories. Subjective indicators were scored and validated by urban experts. For this purpose, 33 sub-indices were identified and extracted in 6 categories of fair distribution of residential services, efficient transportation, vitality, healthy environment, fair housing, and dynamic cultural heritage, and the "paired comparisons" method was used to weight and normalize them. Also, in the objective indicators section, 14 sub-indices were selected in 3 categories of design-architecture, technical-engineering, and accessibility indicators, and for their weighting and normalization, the fuzzy AHP model was used in the GIS environment. The results showed that the neighborhoods identified based on the degree of desirability of having stable housing in order to achieve physical security based on subjective and objective indicators are very different from each other.