پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 81 (امرداد 1399)

"Study of (Social) Currents (Currentology)" has been a new concept in recent decades in Iranian intellectual, cultural, and political literature. Due to its influential and efficient literature, it has become popular. But the lack of scientific and methodological discipline has made this literature extremely chaotic, shaky and turbulent. Therefore, in order to get rid of these misunderstandings, it is necessary to provide a clear theoretical framework for this literature. Currentology seems to have to be studied with a second-rate perspective. Its purpose is to introduce "Studies of Currents" as a science; Not a journalistic and rhetorical model. It is a science whose subject is "(Social) Currents". This article is written using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. Also this article focuses on the methodological principle of the relation and proportion between 'method' and 'object' (in the theoretical foundations of science in Islamic tradition). By analyzing the components of the "(Social) Current" definition, it derives its methodological implications. And finally, it offers them in 30 titles. These methodological implications underlie the design of a scientific model favorable to "Study of (Social) Currents (Currentology)".

After the approval of the title of "Philosophy of Science in psychology" as a two-credit course for undergraduate university students of psychology, several textbooks were developed with similar title. Dr. Khosro Bagheri is the writer and publisher of Samt publishing organization as well as the most recent textbook. Taking these two points into consideration, the current book is introduced and evaluated; however, its modification and completion in the next edition will certainly provide an opportunity for a unique textbook to be developed in philosophy of psychology. In the present study, after the introduction of different chapters of "philosophy of Psychology Science ", the book is evaluated from several angles including (the appearance, title, consistency with the approved course of this credit, appropriateness with the approved syllables of the relevant courses, and the appropriateness of books with similar books). The evaluation result indicate that the present book "Philosophy of Psychology Science" which is written by Dr. Khosro Bagheri, as a textbook of "Philosophy of Psychology Science", has many advantages; however, it revision in the next edition in terms of name, volume, chapter numbers, title and content, is needed in order for it to be matched well with the developed topics for this course. At last one point would be offered, improving philosophy of psychology science course and some reasons for that.

Patrick Baert believes that although there are many capabilities in field of philosophy of social sciences, pragmatism has not come to its proper place yet due to lack of enough attention on behalf of philosophers. He believes that pragmatism can be used properly in this field and new prospects in social sciences may be discovered by its assistance. In his Philosophy of the Social Sciences: Towards Pragmatism and due to his criticisms on social sciences and philosophy of social sciences,Baert claims that one of his purposes in the book is to develop a new approach in philosophy of social sciences employing pragmatism. This article is going to explore his claim; before discussing on the content, it has scanned all the chapters and analyzed Persian structure and translation of the book. At last and through content review and scrutiny of author’s claim it is concluded the book achievement is far from author’s assertion and his suggestions have no meaningful difference with expressions of hermeneutics, interpreters, instrumentalists and followers of critical school and Baert has innovated nothing new and commenced no novel path for social sciences.

A proper textbook has special features and criteria which make it distinguished from other books. Since textbooks have determining and key rule in the learning process, content analysis of textbooks has prominent significance. So, this article is going to clarify how much “Exegetical Methods of Quran” is adaptive with features and criteria of textbooks? The mothed is used here is descriptive-analytic with relying upon content analysis techniques. Studying the book and comparing with criteria of textbooks show that this book is totally adapted with criteria of novelty and perfection content. But, from perspective of superficial criteria of textbooks, %67 of goals, %65 of exercises, %50of preadvance-organizers and %10/63 of summaries are not in the suitable condition.

Many texts have been published, in recent years, about Islamization of science, and different scholars tried and still trying to demonstrate what the Islamic science is and how it can be realized. Hojjat al-Islam val-Muslimin Abdol Hossein Khosrow Panah is one of the prominent authors of this realm, who tries to reach Islamic science through a special methodology that explained in his last book - Methodology of Social Sciences. In the present essay we introduce and evaluate the book concerning its form and content. Regarding its form, we have reviewed the editorial and punctuation issues and in regard to its content the steps to formulate that special methodology have been depicted and criticized. Finally, we have made some efforts to prepare a broader critique of some authors of this realm from a pragmatic point of view.

The main purpose of this study is to examine and evaluate the major strengths and weaknesses of David Marsh and Jerry Stoker's book Method and Theory in Political Science. Since one of the most important areas of the philosophy of science is the field of transnational issues focusing on the issues of ontology, epistemology and methodology. In this study, we first introduce the overall effect of the work, then discuss the points and the disadvantages of the work, in the fifth section the overall content evaluation of the work, and in the final section, the most important points and disadvantages of the chapter-by-chapter content. The effect is simultaneous. This research is an analytical research with a critique approach through case study.

The variety of methodological studies in the field of politics, the emergence of post-positivism in the modern age, and the conflicts with positivism make clear the importance of critiquing this work. Alongside that is the need to critique the textbook used as a textbook resource for political science students at three academic levels. This article is an attempt to provide a framework for reforming it in the future by critiquing one of the most important educational writings in the field of political science methodology and expressing its strengths and weaknesses.The method of criticism of the work is citation-analytical, which has been done in the general framework of work presentation, form criticism and content criticism. The results indicate that the book in question, although it has strengths in its content, has many drawbacks in form.It is mentioned in the form of articulated tables. Methodological explanation of different theories in different seasons, printing and proper layout are the most important content and form advantages of this work. Lack of sufficient and comprehensive attention to some of the new theories, weaknesses in the critical introduction of existing methodologies, and a multitude of typographical errors are the form and content weaknesses of the book.

Roger Trigg’s Understanding Social Science do a good job in criticizing positivist and deterministic approaches to social science, either biological, social, or psychological. In the context of ​​critical realism, Trigg critiques in a good and detailed way many of the common dichotomies of which naive realism / non-realism is most important. Although Trigg attempts to go away from positivistic and non-critical methodologies, and in result opens up a way for rational evaluation and judgment, as we shall see, he does not develop his methodology very well; Moreover, his understanding of what society is and what social structures and realities are made of may endanger the empirical aspect of his methodology. And, it seems to me that some of Trigg's arguments in the field of rationality are ambiguous and do not go far enough in critique of constructivists’ and relativists’ attitudes.

In this article I tried to investigate the rhetorical aspects of Creswell’s “A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research” with a critic on Persian translation of the book. After introduction and problem statement and methodology, I tried to introduce all sections of the book, describe appearance of it and trace standpoint of the work among similar works and then, mention the main weaknesses of Persian translation of it including: machinist translation, editorial errors, pronunciation problems, errors in finding fitted equivalent terms, disruption in harmonious use of phrases, misspellings and so on. Then by using Spurr’s (1993) model of rhetoric analysis, I tried to extract sample sentences from important sections of the book that explicitly have rhetorical act and categorize them. This rhetorical aspect would be the point of departure for a methodological discussion about pre-assumptions of this structure for research.

Numerous books have been written or translated on the "relationship between science and religion" or "the relationship between science and theology." One of these books is "The Relevance of Natural Science to Theology" by William H. Austin. This book is one of the few books that deals with the relationship between natural science and theology in a specialized and detailed way. The book has been translated by Ali Haqqi as "Relation of Natural Science to Theology". The author sought to translate the content of the book into Persian, but found the translation so vague, inaccurate, and erroneous that he preferred to critique the book's translation in a critical-analytical way instead of criticizing the book's content. The translation of this book is not suitable for any textbook or even research source. to providing such translations with this volume of errors, for publication by the esteemed translator, and for publication by the esteemed publisher without prior professional judgment or at least without eliminating the apparent flaws, it is reflective.

This paper introduces the book Savad-e Revayat and analyses it based on form and content. First of all, definition of narration and narratology, brief review of narration history and the reason of selecting this book for analyzing has been presented in the introduction. Reviewing the history of narration will be helpful for understanding the importance and reasoning of analyzing this book. After that, in the formic analyzing, eloquence of the book, Persian translation quality, book’s appearance, editing and other formic characters have been analyzed. Also, in the content analyzing, the author’s method in theoretical arguments, different theory frameworks of the book, and the strengths and weaknesses of the content have been investigated. Savad-e Revayat has good suitable writing and translation. The book has been used inductive method and both structuralism and poststructuralism frameworks. Therefore, Savad-e Revayat is worthy and valuable in the field of narratology. This book should play significant role in narration analysis in Iranian academia. Furthermore, Savad-e Revayat could transfer the matters of narration and narratology from elites to public.

Book Historiography: An Introduction written by Roger Spalding and Cristopher Parker that in seven chapters have study various issues in the field of historiography and have been explored contents on the philosophy of history and the method of research in history. The authors place their emphasis on the science of history (history as a report) and consider the essential component of historical inquiry as the study of historical and intellectual schools. The authors have therefore studied schools such as the Whig historiography, progressive Idea, National Socialism, Gender in history, Marxism, and cultural history. These sections can be a model for studying historical and intellectual schools. In addition, writers have written about undergraduate essay writing tips that are useful for students. The present article, writing with an analytical approach and critically study the book of Historiography: An Introduction and it conclude that the book despite its weaknesses, defects of writer's theories, and limited viewing is a useful guide for undergraduate essay writing and a good model for studying historical schools.

Lack of theory in among the main challenges of Islamic social sciences.  Some experts have attempted to theorize by suggesting philosophical and methological subjects. The book  “Theorizing in Islamic Economy, Analyzing the Possibility of scientific Theorizing in Islamic Economy and its Methodology” is witten by Hassan Agha Nazari for active students and researchers in Islamic Economy. In this book, the author strives to employ both the theories of philosophy of science, Islamic science phylosophy and Islamic teachings to produce a theory in Islamic Economy. This article describes and evaluates the main idea of the book, namely the method of scientific theorization of Islamic Economy.

Dani Rodrik’s book “Economics Rules “ is a book in the philosophy and methodology of economics that deals with the do's and don'ts of modeling in economics, because in his view, models turn economics into science. Rodrik main message in this book is that different social environments require different models. The mistake of economists is that a model is mistaken with the model and unable to link it with the real world. The paper's method is analytical. The paper aims to evaluate the content of the work from the perspective of economic methodology. Foot notes of the chapters have not been translated some jargons need to be revised. The book challenges are quip in the title, models reductionism, diversity of models of economic schools, non-model parts of economics, being scientific due to method, ambiguity in critical assumptions, horizontal or vertical progress of economics, problem of economics or economists, and application of Rodrick's method in DSGE model in macroeconomics.

The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate the book titled "Social Studies of Technology: Theoretical and Interdisciplinary reflection " by Reza Samim. This book is in the realm of science and technology studies. Science and Technology Studies is an interdisciplinary field that has been ignored in the Iranian scientific context and has not received much attention by scientists and researchers. The publication of this book has helped to enrich the scientific literature of this field in country. Another advantage of this book is to provide some of the local and cultural considerations in the area of science and technology studies. The content evaluation of the book shows that since the book editor had not had a clear picture of the questions in this field of study, he was not very successful in selecting and organizing the articles in both theoretical and interdisciplinary reflections. Articles had been written by different people but the book editor has not made them as homogenous as required. The presentation of the theoretical and interdisciplinary topics in most papers is mainly focused on the sociological perspective of technology and, therefore, its viewpoint seems to be closer to the traditional and conventional view in which the relationship between science and technology and society than to new approach named Science and Technology Studies. Also, categorizing the book's articles into two sections of theoretical and interdisciplinary reflections is not very meaningful considering interdisciplinary field of study, and perhaps a justified distinction should be made between the two sections of theoretical reflections and appropriate case studies.

The dominance of positivism over the philosophy of science in the first years of the twentieth century, due to its wave of criticism by some philosophers of science in the second half of this century, was in crisis and collapse. The views of scientific philosophers such as Popper, Cohen, and Lakatos provided the basis for the emergence of more radical critiques of the classical stream of philosophy of science. In the same vein, Feyerabend tried to replace the previous approaches with a kind of methodological anarchism in his book, Against Method The Anarchist Theory of Knowledge. According to her, there is no reasonable way to obtain and reject theories. In this book, she shows that trying to find rules for the logical reconstruction of the process of advancing science and proving and refuting theories is futile. In this research, while reviewing the mentioned book, an attempt has been made to evaluate some of the main views of the author in terms of form and content. The purpose of this work is to show the validity of the author's radical claims in the philosophy of science and to assess its strengths and weaknesses. The method used in the critique of this descriptive-analytical work shows that Firand's views, while in the field of philosophy of science as a new critical.

“Philosophy of Superstitions” has been authored as a work of second-order knowledge and philosophical perspective concerning the conceptual explanation and identification of different types of superstition, causes of human tendency towards superstitions and the method of battle with this problem. The mode of discussion of Professor Yasrebi of this issue beaspeaks of his deep concerns of superstition particularly in its social aspect; but the author in the chapters of this work, instead of strengthening the philosophical perspective of the outlines of this problem, after a short review of the basic notions, turns to the extensions. Meanwhile, the most important problem is concerned with the “definition of superstition”. The distinguishing feature of the superstition as compared to other beliefs, its failure of consistency with rational foundations and drawn logical rules. Without paying attention to different applications of “reas” and requirements of thinking, Yasrebi considers rationality to have a unique condition in all times and spaces. Thus, he does not tolerate the relativity of the extensions of superstition in different societies and ages. Unfortunately, side effects of this great mistake can be seen in his explanation of the causes of the tendency towards superstition and its cure. ...

“The Mixed Method Research” written by Dr. Ali Delavar and Dr. Shirin Koshki has been used as textbook for human and social sciencesin the new field of mixed methods. This book suffers from some mistakes that are studied in the current research. This paper having descriptive and analytical method presents several considerations on formal and contextual criticism as well as structural criticism. The researcher criticizes this book for such mistakes as (1) wrong book title, (2) weakness in concept extraction of mixed methods, (3) unpleasantbook structure and  inexpressive section headings, (4) long paragraph, (5) spelling, grammar, and editing mistakes, (6) numerous quotations from other sources without reference, (7)  some irrational section headings that are not consistent with the contents, (8) use of ambiguous terms, (9) incorrect graph drawing and numerous problems in their graphic indications, (10) weakness in explaining and proving paradigmatic foundation of mixed methods, and,lastly, (11) introducing the work as authored book while it is translated-authored work.