نشریه پژوهش های بالینی دامپزشکی
سال یکم شماره 3 (بهار و تابستان 1389)

Milk samples in an aseptic manner at the beginning of dry period and three days after parturition from 124 mammary quarters (37 cows) were collected to determine somatic cell count (SCC). All quarters were scored (1 to 5)on the basis of teat–end hyperkeratosis to establish a correlation between the score and new infection rate andSCCs. After the last milking, a commercial intramammary antibiotic was used for all quarters. In this study criticalvalue of 250000 cell/ml was set for SCCs. Samples with somatic cell count lower and greater than this critical valuewere considered healthy and infected respectively. The statistical analysis showed 26.5 % new infection rate and5% cure rate at 3 days after parturition. The score were 1, 2, 3 and greater than 3 for 40%, 36%, 21% and 3% ofevaluated teats respectively. There was signifcant difference between milk SCC at the beginning of the dry periodand SCC of three days after parturition (p=0.0005, r = 0.8) Statistical analysis also showed signifcant differencesbetween teat-end hyperkeratosis and SCC at the same periods (p=0.0005, r = 0.66).There was no signifcant differences between teat score and new infection rate (P>0.05).

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that can cause heavy economic losses through complications including abortion, stillbirth, infertility, reduced milk production, etc. In this study, 251 referred samples of aborted fetuses inindustrial dairy herds of Tehran province evaluated in MABNA laboratory during one year. Tested samples included a homogenous tissue mixture of fatal heart, kidney, liver and spleen. For DNA extraction, the ProteinaseK Method was used. Then polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to recognize Leptospira Spp. by using specifc 16s rRNA gene primers. Samples with 331bp band in electrophoresis gel were considered positive.Prevalence of leptospiral abortion in average was 12.8 % in Tehran province during a year and based on season,respectively, the amount in spring was 15%, summer 9.08 %, autumn 10 % and winter 19.2 %. Based on theseresults, it was most prevalent in spring and winter that is probably due to higher environmental humidity, hydrophilic nature of leptospira and more bacterial activities. Generally according to the prevalence of 12.8 %, the majorcause of abortion in Tehran province in industrial dairy herds is leptospiral infection so that any activities in orderto eradicate and control the disease is essential.

Cocciodiosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases of poultry that is caused by protozoa of the genuseimeria. Due to increasing regulations with the use of prophylactic drugs, high cost of vaccines, and escalatingconsumer’s interest on naturally-raised chickens, much interest has been devoted toward the development of alternative strategies to control avian coccidiosis. For example, prebiotics can be useful. Dextran, which is a glucosepolymer and has recently been under investigation as a prebiotic. dextran can promote the growth of benefcallactic acid bacteria in the intestines and boosting immune system, it can be speculated that, this effect promotes thehealth and productivity of poultry. There are not any studies about effect of this prebiotic on poultry coccidiosis.The hypothesis tested was that the feeding of dextran will suppress the lesion scores of a coccidiosis infectionin broilers. To evaluate the effect of dietary dextran, a total of One hundred and twenty 1-day old broiler chicks(Ross 308) were purchased from a local hatchery and randomly allocated to 6 groups of 20 birds each. Four groupsreceived the supplemented diet with dextran (experiment groups) and the other two groups were fed the basal diet(control groups). The experimental diet was prepared by adding a dextran preparation at a level of 1.5 g/kg diet.On day 21, Four groups fed the supplemented diet and one group fed the basal diet were challenged with 4 dilutedmixture of Eimeria containing sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella and E. necatrix. On day27 0f the experiment, 4 birds per group, were randomly selected, euthanized by cervical dislocation. The intestinewas removed, opened and coccidial intestinal lesion scored. The results of this experiment showed the mean oflesion score did differ signifcantly between the infected birds fed the diets without or with dextran in same dosesof sporulated oocyst inoculation.

Mucosal disease (MD) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) are diseases that have no clinical correlations but they have commonviral etiology. In this respect, genotyping of the virus is not performed in Iran yet, after genotyping, control of the disease byusing proper vaccines could be more effective.In this study, serum samples of suspected calves were taken randomly from 20 farms around province of Tehran. Then, twoELISA tests were performed for detection of BVDV antigen. Twenty samples were chosen for RNA extraction as each samplebelonged to one farm. Then, a multiplex PCR was preformed on the basis of 5′ UTR of BVDV genome with positive samplesfor genotyping the virus.In conclusion, 3 samples (15%) were positive for BVD-2 and 20 samples (100%) were positive for BVD-1. All positive andnegative ELISA samples had equal results in RT-PCR. As for detection of BVD-2, phylogenetic analysis and molecular examination is recommended.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum is associated with signifcant economic losses in domestic poultry, caused suboptimalegg production in layers. This survey was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in commercial layer farms in Alborz and Qazvin provinces for primary evaluation of usage of liveMg vaccine in commercial layer flocks. A total of 2050 serum samples were collected from 41 commercial layerflocks (50 samples from each farm) mostly over 40-week-old. Sera were tested by Serum Plate Agglutination(SPA) method using commercial Mg antigen (Noblis MG®, Intervet Co, Holland). Positive reactions retested bySPA on 1:8 dilution and the farms with more than 10% positive reactions were considered positive serologically.The result showed that in the Alborz province, only one out of 21 (4.8%) farms were positive and the rest (95.2%)were negative; also, 51 out of 1050 (4.86% ) sera were positive, 991 out of 1050 (94.38%) were negative and 8out of 1050 (0.76%) were doubtful. In Qazvin province, 3 out of 20 (15%) farms were positive and 17 out of 20(85%) were negative; also, 74 out of 1000 (7.4%) sera were positive, 46 out of 1000 (4.6%) were doubtful and880 out of 1000 (88%) were negative. As seroprevalence of Mg infection in these two provinces which are veryimportant areas in poultry production in Iran were low,so it seems that using live vaccine against Mg needs morestudies. However, molecular identifcation should be used for completing this fnding and biosecurity notices arevery important for controlling of Mg.

This study was conducted to evaluate seminal enzyme (GOT, GPT and LDH) profle and its relationship with quality of buffalo frozen spermatozoa. For this purpose ,twenty-fve split pooled ejaculates from fve buffalo bulbs in Buffalo Breeding and Training center (Jabal-Urmia) possessing more than 80% visual sperm motility , were diluted at 37◦C in tris- egg yolk extender. The diluted semen was cooled to 4◦C within 2 hours, equilibrated at 4◦C for 4-6 hours following the addition of glycerol , flled in 0.5 ml French straws and were subjected to cooling condition before being plunged into liquid nitrogen . Semen was thawed at 37◦C for 40 seconds after 72 hours of storage inside liquid nitrogen. Post thaw visual sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome morphology of each frozen semen sample were assessed by warm plate microscopy at 37◦C, hypo osmotic swelling test, and Giemsa staining, respectively. LDH and GOT(AST) ،GPT(ALT) enzyme activities were measured using kinetic oxidation of lactate to private method and colorimetric method , respectively. Overall mean activity of frozen semen GOT (AST) ،GPT (ALT) and LDH enzyme activities were 140.4±18.5 (IU/L), 270.4±58.5 (IU/L) and 90.4±32.7 (IU/L) ,respectively. The relationship between the activities of these enzymes and semen quality showed only a positive correlation between increased LDH and GOT (AST) ،GPT (ALT) enzyme activities and decrease post thaw spermatozoa characteristics. These result revealed that seminal enzyme (GOT, GPT and LDH) profle in extender is suitable and recommendable for evaluation of buffalo frozen semen.

Individual housing and social isolation means falling apart from fellow in man and social animals is consideredone powerful stressful event through several studies that has been shown negative effects of individual housingon various aspects of physiological function of living organisms such as laboratory, domestic and farm animals.In this study 20 mice (10 male and 10 female) have been divided into 2 groups (social and individual housing) andhave been maintained for one month in this condition then the rate of chronic pain were measured with formalintest. The results indicated reduction of chronic pain in male and female individually housed mice but this reductionwas signifcantly greater in male mice. For understanding mechanisms involved in this process, further studies inthe felds of neurochemical changes due to social isolation and sex differences in behavioral changes induced bysocial isolation are recommended.

Ear disease is one of the main problems in small animal feld. The various therapies have been recommended for ear disease. Medical treatment is sometimes are insuffcient and the response is not curative, therefore, surgical treatment is suggested. An eleven-year-old, German shepherd dog weighing 27 kg with weakness, loss of appetite and left side head tilt had been referred to small animal clinic. During nine months period, several courses of medications had been prescribed for this patient but all the medical treatments were unsuccessful. According to patient signalment, surgical treatment was suggested. After patient and operation team preparation, anesthesia was induced and the surgical procedure was carried out with vertical and horizontal canal ablation. Lateral bulla osteotomy was performed using surgical hand-peice. The copious irrigation was done and plate-form pus organized removed from floor of bulla and the Incision lines were sutured routinely. After 48 hours of supportive treatment, clinical signs improved and the patient returned to normal life. One year follow-up showed no head tilt.