فصلنامه روش شناسی علوم انسانی
پیاپی 103 (تابستان 1399)

I have tried to retrieve Newton’s scientific method. To do so, I raise two principal questions: 1. What is Newton’s evolving scientific method that he devised in The Principia and Opticks during a period of fifty years? 2. Can we now, after more than three hundred years, claim with certainty that we know what Newton’s scientific method is? Conclusions reached: In order to make those theories readily believable and simultaneously reject those of rival Cartesians, Newton modifies the rules of ‘the game of science’ making them compatible with his theories. Newton skillfully devises those rules compatible with his ‘physical’ views, in such a way that anyone who accepts those rules would be inclined to infer his theistic belief-system. Newton does not modify any of his ‘physical’ views in the various editions of The Principia. He introduces some new rules for the ‘game of science’ and invalidates current rules. Contrary to Newton’s methodological prohibitions about proposing hypotheses which was propounded for his opponents, in practice he had no reservation to engage in hypothesizing.

The method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) was first introduced by Ragin and then applied in the various disciplines of social sciences by many scholars to explain their interested outcomes. This methodology is important because it has adopted characteristics from both quantitative and qualitative approaches; in fact, it is simultaneously variable-oriented and case-oriented, so the researcher can do causal research as well as gather some in-depth historical information on each case. In this article, at first, the mentioned method and its different types is reviewed. Then, the public policy researches conducted by Qualitative Comparative Analysis are classified into public policy fields, policy and politics, policy process, policy analysis and evaluation, and policy implementation. In fact, the purpose of this article is to introduce a method for an outcome explanation to policy scholars and policy makers, in order to apply it as well as other common methods. Certainly, scholars could find other applications of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in addition to the reviewed ones.

This study is aimed to achieve the foundations of social constructionism by using analytical method. Using analytical method, dissection of the social constructionism’s foundations will be the main aim of this study. To achieve social constructionism’s foundations, after preparing a definition, its differences with constructivism, its types, features, and roots were examined. The results showed that despite being realistic with regards to ontology, as soon as talking about the reality, social constructivism changes to a constructed phenomenon, which adopts a critical and pluralistic stand. Knowledge, in this perspective, is the product of social interactions. Furthermore, constructionism, regarding ethics and values, treats with respect to the values of other cultures and believes in toleration. Thus, social constructionism is based on a relative and pluralistic ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Viewing from an anthropological point of view, social constructionists, are also known as anti-essentialism and anti-individualism and the human is considered as a social animal. Finally, they assign both individual and society as the origin of effect.

sources (books and traditions)or secondary sources(fatwas and concepts)or a combination of the two to discover school theories, while explaining the operation of discovery: Islamic theories based on Islamic law and Discover concepts.In the present article,based on his performance and based on the analysis of the principles of jurisprudence and philosophy of science,the correct method of citation in recognizing school theories is judged. To cite primary or secondary sources in the discovery of religious theories, the following assumptions can be made: 1.The distinction between religious theory and its source, in reference to secondary and primary sources.3.Separation between types of religious theory, in reference to primary and secondary sources.3.Refer to secondary sources assuming no access to primary resources.4.Refer to primary sources if there are no secondary sources. Hypotheses one and two are rejected, hypothesis three is acceptable, and hypothesis four is acceptable. Hypothesis four is based on the ranking between sciences, the affirmative precedence of"jurisprudence of theory"over"jurisprudence of rulings" and the positive delay of" jurisprudence of theory" from "jurisprudence of rulings".The dichotomy between real and apparent judgment does not impair the validity of Shahid Sadr's performance in citing secondary sources.

The purpose of this study is to investigate Malik Bennabi's method in the acquisition of social cognition with emphasis on both his community survey strategy and his way of data analysis. The two main parts in this research are as follows: 1. Malik's social exploration method 2. His data interpretation method. To clear these issues, a systematic process was undertaken to read and critically classify the works of Bennabi. Investigations carried out in the present study yielded the finding that Bennabi considers environmental, civilizational, human and cultural aspects in the study of society. In cognitive analysis of society, his emphasis is on social subject priorities, social classes and their effectiveness, the quality of triple worlds, and the coefficients of internal and external factors. The authors of this study believe that by developing such studies on Muslim thinkers one can gain a clearer understanding of the theoretical structure of Muslim scholars' thought.

Although economists typically try to make their theories free from ethical evaluations, their theories are value laden. In this paper, we examine the impact of ethical schools on economic policies. The findings of the paper show that consequential, deontological, virtue-based and rights-based ethics have a particular impact on economic policy making. These approaches, while affecting the definition of the goals of economic policies, provide the basis for establishing the principles that define the framework of economic policies for achieving those goals. The result of this trend is that neoclassical utilitarian economists, with an emphasis on the role of complete competition market for achieving welfare, propose price policies to compensate market failure. The policy orientation in the capability-based approach of Sen and rights-based Contractarianism of Rawls, through the creation of changes in the structure of the market and the introduction of new institutions, is respectively, human development and the provision of basic goods to the poorest of the community. The feminist virtue-based economists also propose the promotion of the role of women's caring activities in their policy orientations.