مجله علوم پزشکی صدرا
سال هشتم شماره 3 (تابستان 1399)

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic disease that results in disability and low functioning, leading to feelings of lack of competence and self-confidence, reduced happiness, and difficulty in psychological well-being; therefore, psychological interventions are needed to improve health status. This study aimed to test if counseling with a positive attitude impact the prosperity, psychological well-being, and happiness of patients with multiple sclerosis.

This was a semi-experimental study with a control and experimental group and a one-month follow-up period conducted in Isfahan in the spring and summer of 2018. The participants of the study were 34 patients with multiple sclerosis who were homogenous in their age and education in two groups of control (n=17) and experimental (n=17).  A pre-test was performed, then the experimental group took part in the positive-oriented counseling session for eight consecutive 90-minute sessions within a month and the control group was on the waiting list. After the treatment sessions were completed and post-test was conducted one month after. To collect the data, we used Soleymani et al. prosperity questionnaire (2013), Ryff Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (1989), and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (1990).

The results of the repeated analysis of variance showed that counseling with a positive approach did not affect the prosperity of patients with multiple sclerosis; however, it led to an increase in psychological well-being (scores ranging from 64/52 to 60/50) and happiness (scores ranging from 71/62 to 72/84) of the patients with multiple sclerosis (p < 0.05).

It can be concluded that taking part in counseling sessions with a positive approach can help prevent psychological problems and improve the psychological state of patients affected by multiple sclerosis.

Cytology testing has been successful in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer and mortality. Molecular testing like HPV typing and Aptima test can improve screening effectiveness. We compared the diagnostic value of cytology testing, High-risk (HR) HPV DNA typing, and APTIMA tests based on the results of the cervical biopsy in the diagnosis of cervical cancer and neoplasia in patients referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital.

One hundred fifty women between 21 and 56 years old who referred to having clinical symptoms or conducting screening tests enrolled in the study. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy for cervical involvement were calculated for cytology, High-risk HPV testing, and APTIMA tests separately.

The most abundant genotype found was HPV 16. cytology testing had a sensitivity of 59% for CIN 2+ and a specificity of 61% for CIN 2+. For CIN I, the sensitivity and specificity of cytology testing were higher (63% and 71%, respectively). High-risk HPV typing had the highest sensitivity (76%) for CIN 2+, but its specificity was low (66%). Its sensitivity was 51% for CIN I with a specificity of 74%. APTIMA tests had a sensitivity of 53.7% and a specificity of 87.5% for CIN2 +, which was less sensitive to High-risk HPV typing but was more specific. The APTIMA test sensitivity for CIN I was very low (22.2%), but its specificity was high (87.5%).

High-risk HPV typing showed the highest sensitivity (75.9%) and APTIMA tests had the highest specificity (87.5%) in predicting CIN 2+.

Procrastination focuses on a voluntary postponement of a task despite the awareness of its detrimental effects. Different variables impact the academic procrastination of the students in learning a language. Awareness of the effective factors can speed up the learning process and decrease procrastination This study investigated the impact of motivation, language learning strategies, personality traits, and some demographic variables including gender, the field of study, English course, instructor, and education level on students' procrastination. This study is a quantitative-survey type and data collected through administering questionnaires from all available 238 medical students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences studying at least one English course in the second semester, 2016. The researchers administered a demographic questionnaire, Attitude/Motivation Test Battery, Language Learning Strategies Questionnaire, and Eysenck Personality Inventory to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. weak correlation was found between procrastination and compensation strategy and instrumental motivation; however, procrastination significantly correlated only with instrumental motivation although the effect of instrumental motivation on procrastination was not considerable. Furthermore, the students were found to be medium strategy users and high procrastinators. Since the variables in the study were not found to influence students’ procrastination effectively, more research is required to explore other variables which may affect students’ high level of procrastination. Moreover, as the learning strategies are very effective in promoting learning, the instructors and curriculum designers are recommended to include these strategies in teaching materials and encourage the students to use them more frequently.

This study aimed to compare the infection of ToxoplasmaGondii and aggression in autism and normal children.
The research method was causal-comparative while it is considered as an applied research. The participants included (N=100) 50 autistic children and 50 normal children ranging from 3 to 12 years old; they were homogenous in terms of age, socio-economic status, the severity of the disorder, lack of physical and mental illness, and other criteria considered in this research. Then the researchers divided them randomly into two groups as experimental and control. Of each group, 5ml blood samples were collected to assess the prevalence of toxoplasma. To investigate the hypothesis, non-parametric Kai-Dwo test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the data. The instruments were preschool aggression scale (Vahedi et al, 1387), and Elisa reder to essay the blood sample test.
The results showed that children with autism had more pollution to Toxoplasma Gondii in comparison with the normal group.
Children with autism who had parasites were more aggressive than non-infected children who had autism (P=0/05).

A cautery unit is one of the most widely used pieces of equipment in operating rooms. It has been used in surgeries for about a century and has a direct impact on the results of surgeries.  Operating room personnel’s compliance with the principles of using Cautery units increases patient safety and reduces workplace hazards. This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in 5 large university hospitals in Shiraz. We observed the application of cautery units by operating room staff in 100 surgeries. We collected data using the checklist for evaluation of operating room personnel’s use of Cautery units. We analyzed the collected data using the descriptive statistics of the chi-square test and paired T-test at a significance level of 0.05 in SPSS v. 17 The average age of the nurses who took part in the study was 31.540±6.772 years. The mean and standard deviation of the operating room personnel’s compliance with the principles of using cautery units was found to be 18.330±2.666. The extent of operating room personnel’s compliance with the principles of using electrocautery units was medium. The existence of a positive and direct relationship between the personnel’s use of Cautery on the one hand and their employment status and education on the other can showed that the permanently employed personnel who had longer work experience and greater commitment and also highly educated personnel who had more scientific knowledge performed better at using Cautery units.

The purpose of this study is to design and validate a curriculum model based on cognitive neuroscience in elementary school. In this research, qualitative method design has been used. In the first step, the method of designing and identifying the elements of the model is based on the qualitative method of the Grounded theory and analytical-inferential and in the second stage, for validation and assurance of the effectiveness of the curriculum model (Lauvash's coefficient) was used. At first, a cognitive neuroscience-based curriculum based on the nine elements of Klein was designed. The proposed model was administered to 22 experts in curriculum and cognitive neuroscience using a purposive sampling method, and then we analyzed the validity of the data using Lauvash's coefficient. The result of the three-step coding of the collected data was the extraction of 35 sub categories and 72 attributes for each of the elements of the curriculum. Eventually, the Lauvash's coefficient also confirmed the twenty-one major themes. it can be admitted that the cognitive neuroscience-based model introduces recent issues in education. Considering the theoretical dimensions of this model and its application in education is very important. Also, the interaction of neuroscience and education can be effective in improving theory, thinking, and practice in teaching and learning.

Psychological factors play an important role in the outcome and adaptability of the patient with chronic heart failure, but they are often ignored in the treatment process. This study aimed to determine the correlation between hopelessness, resiliency, and type D personality in patients with chronic heart failure. The study was descriptive-correlational. The researchers, using purposive sampling method, selected One hundred patients with chronic heart failure who referred to the Farhangian clinic located in the second district of Tehran. The researchers completed patients’ demographic form, the index of severity of illness, beck hopelessness scale (BHS), short version of Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and type D personality questionnaire by interviewing the participants. SPSS software version 19 analyzed data. The findings showed that most heart failure patients had moderate hopelessness (86%) and resiliency (85%) and 67% had type D personality. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a moderate, inverse, and significant correlation between type D personality and resiliency (r = -0.479, p <0.001) and a weak but positive and significant correlation between type D personality and hopelessness(r = 0.198, p = 0.048). There was no significant correlation between hopelessness and resiliency (P >0.05). Type D personality in patients with heart failure is accompanied by a reduction in resilience and an increase in hopelessness. These findings can be used for health policymakers in designing and planning of multidisciplinary team care and holistic care of patients with heart failure. Considering the high frequency of hopelessness, reduction of resiliency, and type D personality in patients with heart failure, screening, identification, and referral of patients requiring psychological support is essential for facilitating adjustment and improvement of the quality of life. The identification and psychological support of patients with type D personality can help increase the hope and resilience of heart failure patients.

Millions of people go to the emergency department annually because of a brain injury caused by an accident, a fight, a high jump, or a sports injury. Since having information about anatomy helps in understanding diseases and treating them, in this article, we aim to make a comparison between anatomical descriptions in traditional medicine and modern medicine on skeletal and facial bones and muscles. This study was a review-descriptive study conducted on the books of traditional medicine including zakhire-e kharazmshahi, Tashrih - Mansuri, Canon, Hidayat al-Mutaallimin, and anatomy of Abdolvahab Tafreshi. Subsequently, Gray's and Snell's anatomy textbooks were compared. In the end, comparatively, differences and similarities were discussed.  Anatomical information indicates that in the field of anatomy the names of the bones and muscles of the skulls have been carefully and delicately expressed by the well-known Iranian physicians, and there is a great deal of agreement between the two schools, demonstrating their knowledge of wisdom and accuracy to fully understand the body. Therefore, it emphasizes the need for more use of traditional medicine books by a modern physician. This information came at a time when physicians did not have access to diagnostic devices such as ultrasound, radiology, etc. The invention of numerous surgical instruments at that time, many of which are still used in operating rooms confirms the claim that anatomical information was obtained through surgery.

With respect to the role of family-centered education in health promotion and well-being, providing motivation for treatment and prevention in patients, and reducing health care costs, as indicated in the studies, the current study aimed to review the effect of family-centered education on patient's self-care. The researchers reviewed 42 qualitative and quantitative research papers from national and international databases from 2000 to 2019 with family-centered education, patient care, self-care, and family empowerment keywords. In the last few decades, the concept of family-centered education and self-care has been addressed and has been considered in various medical specialties, including nursing. Considering health, family-centered approach that emphasizes participatory decision-making for the patient received profound attention. One of the effective models in this regard is the family-centered empowerment model whose impact on patient's self-care has been confirmed. Moreover, family support in patient education is one of the success factors in educating and promoting health and preventing diseases through self-efficacy promotion. Several studies confirmed that using family-centered education and using patterns such as family-centered empowerment can be effective in promoting self-care behaviors of individuals. Family empowerment increases knowledge and attitude, leading to the improvement of performance and quality of care, enhancement of self-care, speeding up the recovery of patients, and reducing the complications of the disease.