نشریه مطالعات ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 55 (پاییز 1399)

Among the various buildings, house is a place that is most closely associated with human evolving life. However, this dynamic interaction between the resident and the housing has been reduced to the subject-object relationship in the present age under the influence of scientific and positive approaches. This relationship places the resident as a mere subject in front of his house (not next to it and with it), and the house as a finished product does not accept the human evolving life.This study considers the root of the solution to this problem in the formation of readable housing that accepts different readings of residents. The idea of ​​this house is taken from Hafez's divan, which is concordant with every heart, and the renewal of human knowledge during the period, as well as the emergence of new recipients, causes new readings of it. In this regard, first, it is tried to be explained the effective factors on the readability of Hafez's poetry and then the manifestation of these factors in the field of architecture and especially housing to be discovered and then the effective factors on the readability of housing to be explained by comparative-analytical method. Explaining that, these factors are explained in three general categories of "multiple meanings", "eternal meanings" and "structural and content links".

Language is a cultural reality and the product of human thought, which is associated with creativity and innovation. The creativity and creation of human language causes the combination of sounds and meanings in the form of complex linguistic constructions in literary creations, and its actualization in the process of socialization and culture-building will bring literary creativity. Using linguistic constructions, the poet imagines the past, present, future and moves from reality to fantasy at any time and place. In the present study, we examine the syntactic, lexical and temporal deviation in Parvin Etesami's pieces, Masnavi and poems, whose poetry is a symbol of the Iraqi and Khorasani style. The results of the research indicate that he has been gotten away from the syntactic norms of conventional and standard language. The order of the words, the grammatical changes are in harmony according to the principles, structure and style of the language.

Dualities exist generally in natural phenomena and human thought, and human life cannot be understood and explained in terms of thought of contrasts and dualities. Undoubtedly, in life in many respects, there are contrasts and dualities, and each duality is one of them. The two sides are opposite without disagreeing with each other, and in each duality, it proves the vitality of life, which is eternal and equal. Then, duality is the basis of construction studies of meaning that duality took appearances as its beginnings, so that it has become a feature of human thought.

Law in literature is a mirror of the extent to which literature is influenced by the rights of society; Such as the ruling power of society or legal relations between people and the way in which literature talks about law, justice and various legal issues. The present study has examined the process of reflecting legal concepts in the texts of "Kelileh va Demneh" and "Golestan" by descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources. The concepts extracted in the researched works are mostly expressed in the form of allegories such as the principle of personality of the crime, proportionality of the crime and retribution, murder, theft, bribery, testimony, amnesty, oath, retribution, punishment and its types. The judge, as the main pillar of the judicial system, must be religious, just, knowledgeable, provident and anti-bribery. Comparative results show that most of the extracted concepts, in addition to conforming to the materials of the contemporary legal system, still have their own application today.

Advances in contemporary literary criticism led to the creation of the school of structuralism inspired by the theories of Ferdinand de Saussure. Nowadays, structural analysis is one of the most important methods of short story analysis. The feature of this method is that the researcher does not study the various phenomena of his science separately and independently of each other, but he always tries to study each phenomenon in relation to the other phenomena which it is a part of it. Structuralism is a theory that recognizes, studies phenomena based on the rules and patterns that underlie their basic structure. The structuralism movement, with its achievements from the formalists, gave a deep originality to the narratology. The term narratology was first used by Tzutan Todorov. In this article, two short stories "Zan-e-Ziyadi" written by Jalal Al-Ahmad and "Al-Zawar" by Yusef Idris have been selected and each of them has been analyzed based on the structuralism theories of Todorov and Bermon and shows that the narrative structure of these two anecdotes are consistent with theories of these two literary critics.

Persian historical texts in the classical period, while are related to history in terms of content, are considered part of the heritage of Persian prose. Authors of historical works also pay special attention to the literary of prose and try to present history in the form of beautiful prose and reflect a part of literary heritage such as the use of Persian and Arabic poetry, proverbs and rulings, Quranic verses and hadiths in their works. In this article, literary heritage has been studied and concluded in two prominent historical texts related to the Seljuk period, "Rahat al-Sodur" by Ravandi and "Aghd al-Ala" by Afzal al-Din Kermani, as well as the methods of using each of them. It has been concluded that both authors have used literary heritage with special skill in their works, which has had a great impact on Persian literature of that time. The reflection of verses and hadiths in both books is almost similar, but their methods of application are different. Also, the poems, proverbs and rulings used in "Rahat Al-Sodur" are far more than the book "Aghd Al-Ala". The ways of poems' function are similar in both works, and while the narrative-historical function seems to be preferable, both authors have benefited the least use of this function.

This research has been conducted with the aim of examining the educational teachings in ancient texts based on "Marzbannameh". Many of the great works of Persian literature are works written in the form of educational teachings. The book "Marzbannameh" is also one of the valuable works in the field of educational literature, which is full of various religious, cultural, social, moral, political, economic, etc. concepts that can still be useful for today's generation by passing centuries from its writing. And be useful to future generations. A large part of the topics in this book are moral and social issues that are important topics in every period of human life, and the author accompanies the audience in all the stories by emphasizing these teachings. Research findings show that in the educational teachings of this book, the author has the greatest emphasis on timely thinking in affairs, constantly consulting and accompanying the righteous in any work so that it can be said that his specific view to thought is beyond any other subject.

There is no doubt that Iraq has experienced ups and downs in contemporary times, since 2003, when it was invaded and occupied by the United States and its allies, Saddam's tyrannical regime ended, and the Iraqi people, after years of sanctions, oppression, and misery entered a new era which manifested in the occupation of new American colonialism. Iraqi poets listened to the voices of the oppressed people and expressed different reactions to resistance and stability. Yahya Samawi is one of the Iraqi poets who have been able to play a positive role in the awakening of the Iraqi people and politicians from neglect and laziness towards the occupier and its plunder. In various poems, Yahya Samawi created poetic challenges and interests, which were supported by both Americans and some traitorous and utilitarian politicians. The poet has been able to present the sufferings and misfortunes of his country as a painful tragedy in a certain style. But the poetic interest of Jawaheri, which is almost half a century older than Samavi, was quite different in style and design, although they shared a common purpose. Interests of Jawaheri's interests are the twentieth century, but Samavi's poetry is unique to his time.

Mystical epistemology is in intuitive knowledge that deals with the heart and there is no sense and intellect in it. From the point of view of mystics, this cognition is not obtained through the external senses or argumentative processes, but it is a knowledge resulting from discovery and intuition, as a result of which the inner universe can be understood. The aim of the present study is to examine mystical epistemology from the perspective of Sheikh Shahabuddin Omar Sahrurdi, a mystic of the seventh century AH, which has been conducted by descriptive-analytical method. According to Sahrurdi, one of the types of knowledge, which includes sensory, intellectual, innate and heart knowledge, the place of knowledge is the heart, and with the heart knowledge, true cognition can be achieved. Like other mystics, while confirming the sense and intellect in acquiring knowledge, he does not consider these two to be sufficient to achieve the knowledge of God and gives originality to the knowledge of heart. In the path of knowledge, which is gradual, man goes through different stages and does not enter the next stage until he passes a stage.

Since ancient myths, with their emergence in contemporary poetry, have given a sociological aspect to literature; Therefore, the political repression governing Iraq caused the myth to have a high frequency in the poetry of Sayab and Bayati, because in their poems, by masking different myths and giving them new themes, they sought to express their ideas in a symbolic way and to carry their contemporary experiences on them by de-familiarizing from their faces. In fact, these myths show their desires and motivations in various ways. Since these two patriotic poets always complained about the unorganized political situation and the oppression of their people, their mythical characters all shared a common pain and called for political freedom and social justice. This study has tried to measure their success in the field of critique and judgment of reason by comparing the function of mythical anti-authoritarianism in the poetry of Sayab and Bayati.

At anytime and anywhere in the world, intellectuals have sought to discover their eternity and their ideals, society and the ideal world. Hence, they have paid their attention to works of art and literature, which have been the main focus of their intellectual concerns and inspirations. One of the previous and current attention of man and his long-standing desire was to achieve utopia and ideal that encompasses all the characters of his creation.Given the components of the story, such as thematic, staging, and characterization, the purpose of this article is to provide an analytical approach to Huxley's selected work "Donyaye Shegeft Angiz" and Harper Lee's work "Koshtane Morghe Mina", to answer the question of whether whether there is a commonality between these two works according to the research topic or not. Also, this article clearly demonstrates the fact that literature and its outstanding techniques cover a wide range of arts and sciences in reflecting and predicting the future of human beings in the world.

Dragon is a mythical and strange creature that is depicted almost in the form of a lizard or a giant snake and has a prominent role in all the myths of the world. This mythical creature in the culture of all nations except China, is a symbol of filth and impurity that spews fire out of its mouth and it is the enemy of man and other creatures, and intends to destroy man and the world and in this role, Its demonic aspect becomes more apparent. Accordingly, in the myths and legends of the world, heroes are constantly in battle with this ugly animal to rid the world of its existence.Research shows that this ugly and demonic animal not only fights with heroes, but also does not have a good relationship with other creatures and animals, and evidence and images remained from the past indicate that it has also been fighting with other mythical animals such as Simorgh and Loin. In the remained images, even the battle of the two dragons has been seen.

Comparative literature is a knowledge that adapts some works with some other literary works or compares the literature of two or more countries and usually a type of literature that has emerged in two different languages ​​to reveal their commonalities and cultural differences. Comparative literature is a vision of the colorful horizons of art and literature that can explore the cultural contexts of the various nations of the world and show their direct or indirect relationship to each other. As all nations are willingly or unwillingly inspired by each other's literature, this literature is becoming more universal. Eastern literature and Western literature are constantly being influenced. This qualitative analysis method has a new view at the ancient epic texts of Iran and Greece, which showed some of the motives of war in the text of Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh" and Homer's "Iliad and Odyssey". It has highlighted the functions of common mythology in two systems.

Resistance literature is a branch of obliged and committed literature that is formed under the influence of conditions such as oppression, internal tyranny, lack of individual and social freedoms, and so on. In both Iran and Iraq, according to their political and social situation, this type of literature has found a special position. The resistance and stability of the Iraqi people is also significant and is well reflected in the works of Iraqi poets and writers. Jaber Muhammad Jaberi, known as Madin al-Musawi, is one of the Iraqi contemporary poets who witnessed oppression, tyranny and colonialism. Farrokhi Yazdi, a constitutional poet, is one of the Iranian poets who have defended his nation against foreigners and domestic oppression with his poetry. The results of the research indicate that the themes of patriotism and national zeal, invitation to struggle and self-sacrifice, protest against internal issues, hope for liberation and struggle for freedom and invitation to unity are common themes in the poetry of the two poets. This study, while expressing the themes of resistance literature in the poetry of both poets, has compared these themes in their poetry.

Fire is one of the four elements whose role in the construction of universe and the emergence of universe is very important to the ancients. For this reason, Ferdowsi has used this holy and ancient element in "Shahnameh" very much. When it is speaking about fire, we must also pay attention to ancient and mythological beliefs and ideologies. Although fire is not a very beautiful and valuable phenomenon for the inhabitants of the southern lands and hot lands like Saudi Arabia, and it may have been used as a torment and fear of some of these tribes, but for the northern tribes and peoples who lived once in the glaciers for a long time, it is a valuable blessing.All of this makes the fire sacred in the minds of the peoples living in the Northern Hemisphere. After that, it should be reflected in the historical period and even after Islam, in the works of poets such as Ferdowsi, as a sacred element and used in celebrations and joys.

Comparative literature is one of the new branches of literary research. In the field of Persian language and literature, poets and writers have left a glorious legacy that future generations have always benefited from it. One of the most prominent poets of Persian language and literature is Hafez Shirazi. He created a revolution in poetry and lyricism and always influenced the poets after him. After the Iraqi style in which Hafez experimented and lived, the Indian style entered in literature. One of the prominent poets of this style is Saeb Tabrizi. Saeb has composed lyric poems under the influence of Khajeh's lyric poems. The similarities in weight, theme and content are the similarities of these lyrics. In this research, the author intends to study the effect of Hafez style on Saeb Tabrizi's poems. For this purpose, poems in two areas of thematic criticism and structural criticism were examined.

The era of the movement or the Arabic contemporary era coincided with the constitutional era in Iran was the era of modernity in the social life of the Egyptian and Persian peoples. The transformation in the social life of these two nations in the contemporary era followed a change in the field of literature. With the literary transformation, new social issues also entered the literature. Mahmoud Sami Baroudi, an Egyptian prominent poet, and Farrokhi Yazdi, a Persian poet, are among the most famous representatives of modernity in this era who undertakes the induction of sensitive social concepts to provide the space for a desirable society. Baroudi by taking advantage of the common and consistent taste and following the critics of the West deals with the affairs of the people and corrects the shortcomings of the society. Like Farrokhi Yazdi, he focuses on issues such as justice, homeland, abandonment of humiliation, attention to poverty, opposition to oppression, and invitation to learning science as the central themes of his poems. This research seeks to analyze the social perspective and signs of innovation by descriptive-analytical method by mentioning the sample and at the end expresse the similarities and differences of each in this regard.

Khawajeh Zayn al-Abedin Ali ibn Abd al-Mu'men Shirazi is one of the historians and poets of the tenth century AH. He has used the two pseudonyms of Navidi and Abdi in his poetry and he is able to imitate them. He has composed three Khamsehs following Nezami and "Bustan Khayal" following Saadi's "Bustan" and Haft Masnavi of "Khazaen al-Malakut" imitating "Haft Orang" of Jami and has many works on poetry and prose, some of which are still unknown or have not been corrected, and because 40 years in the court of ShahTahmaseb has been Mostofi, his poetry contains important contents from this period of our country's history. His poetry in these Masnavi should be considered as a new type of poetry and with the necessary scientific caution, it can be said that the title of the educational-propaganda poem is suitable for it. His "Khazaen Al-Malakut" has seven sections or treasuries, and two copies of it have been identified so far, but none of its systems have been corrected, and it is feared that at any moment, a manuscript will be removed by accidental or negligence; haste in correcting this version is justified and necessary.

In the literature of each ethnic group, different techniques are used to attract the reader's attention and influence. One of these literary methods is the use of symbol in symbolic texts so that the author conveys his intended purpose to the reader in symbolic and indirect language. The use of animal symbols is one of the cases that is most widely used for expressing and justifying a goal or instilling a particular belief. In this article, we examine the animal symbol of the lion. So far, the symbol of the lion has been studied in history, art and literature; But the mystical and religious aspects of this symbol have received less attention. The purpose of this article is to study this symbol from religious, mystical and literary aspects, so that the reader can be guided to understand the animal symbols of the lion based on scientific findings.

This study was conducted to comparatively study what, causes and treatment of anxiety from the perspective of the Qur'an and Testament and with a historical approach and descriptive-analytical method and achieved the following results.

The Qur'an and Testament were similar in expressing what and the treatment of anxiety but in terms of causes, they are slightly different. Both have identified two types of anxiety in human life: praised and condemned anxiety. The Qur'an and the New Testament agree on the causes of anxiety about resurrection, storms and natural disasters, polytheism and sin, troubles and problems of daily life, and the Qur'an and the Old Testament agree on war, resurrection, polytheism and sin, and the Old and New Testaments agree on background of causes of anxiety about resurrection, polytheism and sin, death, natural disasters, loss of position and status.

Amir Khosrow Dehlavi (651-725 AD) is one of the famous Persian mystics of India in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century. In Masnavi, he is a subordinate of Nezami Ganjavi. One of Amir Khosrow's Masnavi which imitating "Haft Peykar" of Nezami has written the poem "Hasht Behesht". In compiling the anecdotes of "Hasht Behesht", he referred to the book "Jawaher Al-Asmar" by Emad Ibn Muhammad Al-Saghari. Amir Khosrow has quoted several anecdotes of "Hasht Behesht" from the book "Jawahar Al-Asmar" and even in many parts of the text of "Hasht Behesht", he has borrowed and adapted the phrases and sentences of this work. The book "Jawaher al-Asmar" contains a hundred stories that are told in the language of parrots for fifty-two nights to prevent a young business woman from betraying her husband. Most of the anecdotes and legends of "Jawaher al-Asmar" and "Hasht Behesht" are based on women's ruse. Part of the theme of the anecdotes is the effect of women's breaking the treaty and pretending to veil. Considering that the book "Jawaher al-Asmar" is one of the most important models of Amir Khosrow's work in "Hasht Behesht" and that both works have been compiled in India, they have many things in common. The present article tries to examine the common themes of both lyrical works.