مجله رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 30 (پاییز 1399)

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of marketing mix in the brand strength of sportswear. The present study was applied in terms of the nature and objectives, and descriptive-correlation in terms of methodology. The population and the sample included those customers who bought sportswear from domestic and foreign sport brands mentioned in the questionnaire at least once. According to the Morgan table, the minimum number of sample needed was estimated to be 384. A marketing mix and brand strength questionnaire was used to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 11 sport management professors and experts. Also, for the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was used. The alpha of the marketing mix questionnaire was 0.86 and the alpha of the brand strength questionnaire was 0.85, indicating a high reliability of the questionnaires. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic characteristics of the respondents and the mean of the elements. In the inferential statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation test and multiple regression were performed using SPSS version 22 software. According to the findings, there was a linear relationship between marketing mix elements and brand strength. According to the results of the study, it is suggested that sportswear manufacturers and retailers should pay close attention to the factors influencing the elements of product, price, promotion and distribution in order to increase their brand strength.

The aim of this present study was to investigate and compare the process of novice physical education teachers in the United States, England, Japan, Malaysia and Iran. This study was qualitative-applied with a comparative approach. The population included the USA, England, Japan, Malaysia, and Iran which were selected purposively. The data were collected through library documents, searches of global networks, scientific reports, and articles. Then, they were described, interpreted, juxtaposed and compared by Brady model. The findings showed that pathways to novice physical education teachers preparation in Iran were limited and fully centralized. However, the mentioned countries had acceptable diversity and flexibility and were decentralized or semi-decentralized. In general, it can be concluded that in modern teacher training, theoretical skills and training do not seem to produce professional physical education teachers. Hence, the development of professional experiences seems more important than emphasizing content, pedagogy and professional knowledge.

The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of the national teams preparation camps for Tokyo 2020 Olympics in terms of five key factors (hardware, finance, human, management, and information). The population of this study included athletes, coaches and supervisors of national teams of 4 sports (wrestling, shooting, volleyball and basketball) at the training camp for the Tokyo Olympic Event.The sampling method was a total number of 150 people. The instrument was a self_developed questionnaire in the form of Likertchr('39')s 5-point scale, which was distributed among subjects after determining the formal and content validity and reliability (α = 0.82). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (P≤0.05) was used to normalize the distribution of data. One-sample t-test was used to analyze the data of effective factors and Friedman test was used to prioritize the effective factors by using SPSS software. The results showed that the financial factor was the lowest level of quality with the mean (1.44) and then the management, information, hardware and software components averages (2.33), (3.38), ( 71/3) and the human factor an average (3.94) is at the highest level of quality. Ultimately, by providing adequate budgeting and proper planning with regard to exchange rate and inflation changes, as well as the constant presence of journalists in camps and the improvement of special hardware in the field of sport, a higher quality of camps is obtained.

The aim of this study was to analyze the great barriers to the commercialization of sport management knowledge. The present study was descriptive-analytic that was conducted as a field. The statistical population included sport management experts who had the proper knowledge, experience and expertise in sport management and commercialization of knowledge. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to structure the barriers affecting the commercialization of sport management knowledge, interpretive structural modeling and exploratory factor analysis method were used. Therefore, SPSS software was used for exploratory factor analysis. The MicMac software was used to investigate and analyze the interpretive structural modeling. The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed that totally 6 factors (management, infrastructure, educational, cultural, financial and personal) included 85.976% of the total variance of the items. The results also showed that personal, skill and environmental barriers were key independent barriers that affected other barriers. According to these findings, it was determined that it is necessary to pay attention to some personal, skill and environmental barriers in order to develop the commercialization of knowledge of sport management and there should be planning to eliminate these barriers.

The aim of this study was to provide the administrative planning of Iran Canoeing-Rowing and Sailing Federation based on the Balanced Scorecard. This study was descriptive-analytic and applied in terms of objectives. It is a strategic study which was conducted as a case study. The statistical population included the chairman, vice-president and former and current secretaries of the Canoeing-Rowing and Sailing Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, all the chiefs and secretaries of the canoeing-rowing and sailing boards of the provinces. 169 subjects were selected by census sampling method. To determine Balanced Scorecard perspectives, after the required data were collected from the existing related literature, books and journals, the viewpoints of the members of the Strategic Council were used. Based on the research findings, revenue, marketing and diversification strategies of the financial resources of the federation in the financial context, advertising, promoting and benefiting from the media capacity and new technologies in customer perspective, the development of participation of research and planning development boards and committees and design of integrated system of sport events in within-province levels in local processes perspective and strengthening and enhancement strategies of volunteering movement in learning and growth perspective were arranged.

The present study aimed at identifying and ranking the perceived effects of Chokheh wrestling sport event from the viewpoints of spectators. The research method was mixed and qualitative research method was used to identify the effects of holding Chokheh wrestling and quantitative research method was used to assess the importance and ranking of factors and components. The statistical population in the qualitative section consisted of directors, deputies and experts from Sport and Youth general office of Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism general office of Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, Sport and Youth offices in Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, Wrestling Committee of Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, Rural Sport and Local and Native Games Committee in Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, and the population in the quantitative section consisted of Chokheh wrestling spectators that were present in the competition of 3 April 2019 in the traditional pit of Zeinal Khan spring in Esfarayen city. The statistical sample included 28 subjects in the qualitative section and 384 subjects in the quantitative section. Semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire were used for data collection and Friedman test was used to analyze the data in the inferential statistics. The results showed that recreational-tourism, cultural, social, political, environmental and economic factors were the most important effects of Chokheh wrestling event; therefore, managers, officials, planners and organizers should consider these variables as important effects of Chokheh wrestling in hosting communities.

The aim of this study was to develop a local model of leadership based on soft power in Iran sport federations. This study had a qualitative approach and the method of grounded theory was used as the research methodology. The data were collected by library resources, field observation, audio media and in-depth and open interviews with 23 elite experts. The validity of this study was investigated and verified by interviewees and then by specialist professors. The reliability was obtained by auditing as 89%. Data were analyzed in three stages: open, axial and selective coding. Then, a qualitative research model was designed. The results of this study indicated that 290 codes or initial concepts as well as 77 concepts and 7 categories were extracted. They were developed on a paradigmatic model including leadership based on soft power as the axial category and causal conditions (sport character, spiritual health), underlying factors (social character, political character), intervening conditions (sport skill and expertise, unique characteristics of sport), strategies (sport culture), and consequences (related to leader, followers and organizations). According to these results, managers of sport federations are recommended to use the model provided in this study for further influence on the followers and gaining popularity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational culture, political behavior and rational approach of decision makers on organizational effectiveness of employees in Ministry of Sport and Youth. The statistical population consisted of all official employees of Iran Ministry of Sport and Youth (N=430). The sample was determined as 203 subjects based on Krejcie and Morgan table and the sampling method was random. Data were collected by Robbins Organizational Culture Questionnaire (1998), Dean and Sharfman Questionnaire (1999) designed to measure political behavior or rational approach to decision making and Hamidi Organizational Effectiveness Questionnaire (2003). The face validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by professors and their reliability was calculated by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha: Organizational Culture Questionnaire (0.88), Political Rational Decision Making Questionnaire (0.81) and Organizational Effectiveness Questionnaire (0.78). Then, the required data were collected using the questionnaires and finally they were analyzed using SPSS, Excel and Smart PLS. The results showed that organizational culture supported rational decisions more than political decisions and it had a better relationship with rational decisions. However, the results showed that decision making with a political approach developed more effectiveness than those decisions with a rational approach. When the authorities and experts seek to develop a relationship with other managers and authorities in order to make important decisions and they make decisions with the common political approach, they will experience more effectiveness.

In the pursuit of success in the world, Iran track and field requires to use a single and well-codified talent identification system. The present study aimed to design a model for Iran track and field talent identification. The research methodology was qualitative in the form of three stages. The first stage involved the content analysis of researches on talent identification. The second stage was semi-structured interviews with the convenience sampling method until theoretical saturation with 16 experts, coaches and the secretaries of the track and field talent identification committee of Education Ministry and Track and Field Federation. The third stage of the Delphi approach was conducted in three rounds with 13 interviewees. In the third round of Delphi method, the 7-stage Iran track and field talent identification model was approved: children are introduced by their parents and sport teachers from the age of 8 and progress to maturity and championship up to the age of 20. Also, this model of talent identification illustrates the development of an athlete through 12 years of codified training. Given the importance of this sport, Track and Field Federation managers and authorities are suggested to use this model for talent identification and talent direction to reach more success in this sport field.

The aim of this study was to develop the structural interpretive model of factors affecting brand identity of handball in Iran. It was an applied study in terms of objectives and a descriptive-analytical study conducted as a field. The statistical population consisted of experts in brand and sport management. 25 experts were selected as the sample by purposive sampling method. The required data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire by an online survey. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was obtained through the experts. MATLAB software was used to analyze the data related to the structural interpretive model. The results showed that most of the indices were in the autonomous region based on the analysis of power of influence and dependency rate (MICMAC diagram). The results of factor ranking at eight levels showed that environment, economic, political, and social macro factors had the most power of influence and the indices of performance, communication and controllable factors had the highest coefficient of dependency. As well, the final model showed that the brand identity of handball in Iran is highly dependent on economic and political macro factors.