مجله روان شناسی فرهنگی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

This study aimed to investigate the socio-cultural factors affecting insomnia management and the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral therapy for Insomnia  (CBT-I) based on Iranian culture. This research was conducted in two parts: Qualitative and quantitative. The first part examines the socio-cultural factors affecting management and treatment of insomnia. In the qualitative part, qualitative interviews were conducted first with 19 adult participants with non-clinical insomnia experiences. Then, 7 therapists experienced in CBT-I standard treatment were interviewed and 5 clients of this treatment were interviewed as well. The transcripts of all the interviews were coded by two coders, and an agreement was reached between them in five sessions. In order to culturally adapt this treatment to the socio-cultural context of Iran, five adaptations were made in the treatment: The duration of treatment was shortened; family members were involved in the treatment process; the principles of motivational interviewing were used; educational components appropriate to Iranian culture, and religious conceptualizations were included in the  treatment. In the quantitative part, the effectiveness of this treatment was confirmed in 6 sleep indices (p < /em> < .001, η2= .50 to .80) and also in insomnia severity index (p < /em> < .001, η2= 0.56).  The results of this study show socio-cultural factors related to the experience of insomnia in Iran (including barriers to help-seeking, commonly used behavioral strategies, common dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, and insomnia treatments preferences).

The aim of this study was to qualitatively investigate the role of family experiences in ‎the adjustment of the elderly. One of the factors that plays an important role in ‎reducing the vulnerability of the elderly in the current era is the institution of ‎family. Just as having a family is important to the elderly, the presence of an elderly person is also ‎valuable and rewarding to the family. This qualitative study was conducted in 2017 using the ‎Basic Theory Method. The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 ‎elderly people in the age range of 65-82 years; referred to nongovernment funded residential aged care facilities, Organization of Agriculture Jahad, and municipal parks in Tehran, so that the data reached the ‎saturation stage. Findings showed 8 main categories including positive and ‎pleasant experiences; recognizing and positive behaviors of‎ parents; constructive and ‎emotional interaction with spouse; satisfactory emotional and internal cohesion of ‎family; successful and transcendent marriage; favorable economic conditions; physical ‎health; and satisfaction with life. The results of this study showed that such factors are the components of family experiences that affect the adjustment of ‎the elderly.‎

This study aimed to explain the developmental model of motivation based on Islamic culture. The research method was “descriptive-conceptual analysis”. The resources of this research included the original Islamic resources (Quran and authentic hadith sources) and the exegeses by Moslem thinkers on Quranic verses and relevant hadithes. Based on the findings of the study, in Islamic culture, religious motives act in two levels‎. Religious resources indicated that there are criteria for the development from an inferior motivational level to a higher one. These criteria can be divided into three categories based on the factors affecting motivation: A) The criterion of ‎ spiritual levels: Among the five spirits mentioned in Islamic hadithes, three spirits are the inferior spirits (the spirit of life (ruh‎-al-‎hayat‎), the spirit of power (ruh‎-al-‎qowat‎), and the spirit of desires (ruh‎-al-‎shahwat‎)) that represent and create ‎motives of deficiency, and the remaining two spirits are the supreme spirits (the spirit of faith (ruh‎-al-‎iman), and the spirit of purity (ruh‎-al-‎qodos)) that represent and create great motives. The two supreme spirits employ the abilities and capacities of the three inferior spirits in a transcendent and developed direction. B) The criterion of knowledge levels: Believers’ ideas can be classified into three levels: ‎“cognitive knowledge” (ilm-al-yaqin), ‎“objective knowledge”‎ (ein‎-al-‎yaqin), ‎“truthful knowledge”‎ (haq‎-al-‎yaqin‎‎). This criterion shows that with the development of knowledge in religious people, it is expected that their motivational levels will also increase, and their religious motivations will become more refined, more mature and purer. C) The criterion of‎ emotional schemas. The emotional schemas that are the main bases of religious motivation can be divided into three levels: the low level which includes fear and hope, the middle level which includes modesty and gratitude, and the high level which includes the emotional schematic of love.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of the image of God in the relationship between attachment styles and life satisfaction. The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population included all the undergraduate students of Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, among whom 267 students were selected through cluster random sampling based on the Morgan table. For data collection, three questionnaires were used: the Hazan and Shaver Attachment Style (AAI) , God Image Inventory (adapted from Greenway's Religious Status Inventory (RSI)), and Diener'sSatisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The data obtained were analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), using the path analysis method through the proposed steps of Baron and Kenny (1986), using AMOS-24 software. The findings in the first hypothesis showed that positive image of God mediated the relationship between safe attachment style and life satisfaction. In the second hypothesis, the negative images of God mediated relationship between an unsafe attachment style and life satisfaction. In the third hypothesis, when the positive and negative images of God were entered the path analysis simultaneously, the results of path analysis showed the significant mediating role of the image of God in the relationship between attachment styles and satisfaction of life so that the safe attachment style of the path of the positive image of God had a positive prediction of life satisfaction, and an unsafe attachment style of the path of negative image of God had a negative prediction of life satisfaction. Regression weights were significant at all the three stages.

Technological advances have created tools and technologies for mankind. These advanced tools, such as cars, act as double-edged swords in the lives of people in society. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of emotional climate and family performance in high risk driving behaviors. The research method was descriptive and correlational. From the high-risk driver population of Tehran, 150 drivers were selected by convenience sampling. The measuring instruments were family emotional climate questionnaire, family functioning questionnaire and Manchester driver behavior questionnaire (DBQ). The data were analyzed by correlation and regression statistical methods. A significant negative relationship was found between the predictor variables and the criterion variable. With the increase in emotional climate and family functioning, risky driving behaviors decreased and with decreasing emotional climate and family performance, risky behaviors increased. By giving responsibility and identifying the roles and expectations of its members to perform well and by creating a calm and intimate atmosphere, the family can mature and prevent emotional and sensitive behaviors – such as high risk behaviors – in driving.

The purpose of this study was to predict academic procrastination based on the five main factors of personality and self-handicapping and their components. The research method was correlational. The statistical population of the study included all the Qom University female students in all the fields within the academic year 2018-2019. The 351 samples were selected by stratified sampling method appropriate to the size of the faculty and based on the  Morgan Table. The relevant questionnaires for academic procrastination, NEO personality traits inventory, and self-handicapping questionnaire were used to collect data. Using SPSS software, the obtained data were analyzed at two levels: descriptive level (mean, standard deviation and variance) and inferential level (correlation coefficient, and regression analysis). Findings showed that academic procrastination has a direct and significant relationship with self-handicapping and neuroticism and extraversion. Also, academic procrastination has an inverse and significant relationship with conscientiousness. In addition, academic procrastination is inversely related to agreement and openness to experience. The findings also suggested that negative mood, effortfulness, apology, neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness can predict academic procrastination. Overall, it can be concluded that self-handicapping and personality traits can predict academic procrastination.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of parent-child play therapy on aggression, anxiety and social fear of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The design of the experimental study was pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population of the study included all the female students with ODD who were studying in Tabriz elementary schools in the academic year of 2009-2010. All the students studying in the schools were selected in a two-stage randomized cluster sampling and the scale of ODD grading was applied by the teachers of these schools on all the students. After scoring the questionnaires and screening, 40 students were selected and randomly assigned to two groups of 20 students. Shahim Aggression Questionnaire, Anxiety Questionnaire (Spence et al.), and Social Fear ‎Questionnaire (Masia et al.)‎were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by covariance statistical analysis. The results of the study showed that parent-child play therapy has an effect on students’ aggression, anxiety and social fear and reduces their aggression, anxiety and social fear. Therefore, paying attention to parent-child play therapy plays an important role in improving children’s psychological problems.

While using social media has their benefits, there are also concerns about the impact of their application, especially the frequent use and dependence on social networks. In the present study, the mediating role of ‎ smartphone-based social networks in relation to personality traits and cultural identity was investigated. The research method was causal-correlational descriptive and the statistical population included all social network users over 18 years of age in Isfahan in 2018 and of these, 250 were selected with available sampling method. The research instruments were questionnaires such as the shortened version of NEO-Personality Inventory – the Revised (NEO-FFI-R) – the questionnaire about Addiction to smartphone-based social networks, and the cultural identity questionnaire. Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling in SPSS software version 23 and LISREL software version 8.80 were used to analyze the research data. Results showed that among the personality traits, the two factors of Neuroticism and Extroversion are able to explain the use of social networks in a meaningful and desirable way. The variable of using social networks could also explain cultural identity. But the three personality traits of Conscientiousness, Agreement, and Openness to experience were removed from the model because they did not reach the desired level. Thus, the variable of using social networks could play a mediating role in the relationship between cultural identity and some personality traits.

In the development of Islamic psychology, there are various ideas a part of which depends on understanding the methodological approaches to the relationship between psychology and Islam. The purpose of this study was to identify the mainstreams or macro approaches in the field of communication between psychology and Islam in a historical process. Using the meta-synthesis method, 98 qualitative studies (1900 to 2019) were identified from valid sources and were analyzed and combined in a new framework. The findings showed that, firstly, the beginning of the discussion of the relationship between psychology and Islam, considering a philosophical-empirical continuum, dates back to the 1910s. Secondly, studies in the field of psychological and Islamic relations were classified by the index of “point of departure of science/religion” in the dual approach (intra-indigenous and extra-indigenous), and by the index of “science-basedness” in the triple approach of “refining science”, “comparing science”, and “establishing science”. Thirdly, the recent triple approach is recognized in four historical periods, which are: a) the preparatory period (introduction of the ideas of Muslim thinkers) since 1910; b) the refining approach and the first wave of the establishment approach since 1950; c) the comparative approach since 1980; and d) the second wave of the establishment since 2005. Each of the three recent approaches has had methodological limitations. One way to get rid of these limitations is to propose a “shared establishment approach”. This approach provides the ground for the establishment of new science through: relying on the Multilevel Interdisciplinary Paradigm; using the three stages of comparison, refinement, and establishment; and maintaining the connection between psychology and Islam.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Computer-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation (CBCR) on the behavioral problems and performance functions of delinquent adolescents. The semi-experimental research method was pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population included all the delinquent adolescents of Yazd correctional centers in 2020, from which 30 adolescents were selected by targeted sampling method and were divided into an experimental group (15 adolescents) and a control group (15 adolescents). The intervention group was exposed to CBCR but the educational control group was not exposed to it. The Achenbach’s Questionnaire (child/adolescent form), and the (electronic form) of Connors neuropsychological inventory were used to collect data. The statistical method used for data analysis was multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that CBCR therapy affects the behavioral problems and performance functions of delinquent adolescents and reduces behavioral problems and improves performance functions in adolescents. The application of CBCR to solve the behavioral and neurological problems is recommended in delinquent adolescents.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of academic self-efficacy in predicting academic self-handicapping ‎based on attachment styles and academic identity. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study included all the first grade high school students in Bonab city in 2016-2017 academic year. The research sample was 301 students which were selected from a high school in Bonab by multi-stage cluster sampling. Collins and Reed’s Attachment Style Scale, Waz and Isaacson’s Educational Identity Questionnaire, McIlroy and Bunting’s Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and Schwinger’s Academic Self-Handicapping Scale were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by statistical method of path analysis using LISREL 8.8 software. The results of path analysis showed that academic self-efficacy has a significant mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles (safe, unsafe, avoidant and ambivalent) and academic self-handicapping. Academic self-efficacy and academic self-handicapping are statistically significant (P <0.05). Ambivalent insecure attachment style also positively predicts academic self-handicapping through academic self-efficacy. Therefore, attachment styles and academic identity mediated by self-efficacy play an important role in students’ academic self-handicapping.