نشریه پلاسما و نشانگرهای زیستی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 52، پاییز 1399)

The use of garlic as a sexual promotor is common in traditional medicine. Garlic has many antioxidant compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of garlic hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic and testosterone level, and testicular histology in roosters.

In this experimental study, 108 roosters of Golpayegani breed were used. Roosters were divided into 4 groups including control and treated with doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg hydroalcoholic garlic extract in litter of drinking water. The extract was administered orally for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, serum testosterone, T3 and T4 levels, as well as liver enzymes and lipid profiles were measured and testicular tissue was examined for histological changes.

Serum levels of testosterone, T3 and T4 were significantly increased in the group treated with 1500 mg garlic extract in litter of drinking water (P <0.05). Although the amount of liver enzymes in different groups did not show a significant difference, but the amount of triglycerides and cholesterol in the groups receiving different concentrations of garlic extract decreased. In the treated groups with 1000 and 500 mg of garlic extract, the number of seminiferous tubules and the number of normal sperm were higher than the other groups

The biological compounds in garlic with physiological and hormonal changes are able to increase fertility by increasing the density of seminiferous tubules and increasing the normal sperm population.

Copper sulfate is one of the most important environmental pollutants that has the ability to produce free radicals and create oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of copper sulfate on sperm quality parameters, DNA fragmentation rate and testicular tissue of adult Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 30 adult Wistar rats weighing 250-200 grams were used. Random adult mice were treated in 3 control groups, copper sulfate receptor with concentration (100 mg / kg) and concentration (200 mg / kg) for 56 days. At the end of the treatment period, testicular weight, sperm count and parameters were assessed based on (WHO2010). The quality of sperm chromatin was assessed by acridine uranium nuclear pigments. Malondialdehyde level was measured. Data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA statistical method.

The quality of sperm parameters in copper sulfate with a concentration of 200 mg / kg decreased significantly (P <0.05). The testicular weight was significantly reduced at a dose of 200 mg / kg (P <0.05). The diameter of the seminiferous tubules, testosterone levels,, germ cell count, and sperm DNA fragmentation rate decreased at a dose of 200 mg / kg (P <0.05). The concentration of malondialdehyde at a dose of 200 mg / kg sulfate copper was significantly increased (P <0.05).

This study shows that high concentrations of copper sulfate cause destructive effects on sperm quality, testicular tissue.

Cadmium chloride causes liver injury. In this study, the protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Passifloracaerulea aerial parts against hepatic dysfunction induced by cadmium chloride in adult male rats was investigated.

Fifty-four adult male rats were divided into 6 groups of 9:control group; sham group1:received 0.2ml/kg distilled water daily intraperitoneally as solvent. Sham group2;received 2 mg/kg cadmium chloride daily intraperitoneally during 21 days; experimental groups 1, 2 and 3: received 2 mg/kg cadmium chloride daily intraperitoneally during 21 days and then the hydroalcoholic extract of Passifloracaerulea aerial parts at the doses of 150, 300, 450mg/kg intraperitoneally during 30 days . The serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, LDH, albumin, bilirubin, and total protein were measured. The pathological examination of hepatic tissue samples were done after hematoxylin - eosin staining.

The mean levels of ALT, ALP, GGT, LDH and bilirubin in the all experimental groups showed a significant decrease compared to the group receiving cadmium chloride. The mean levels of AST in the experimental groups 2 and 3 showed a significant decrease compared to the group receiving cadmium chloride. The mean serum albumin and total protein concentration in experimental groups 2and 3 increased significantly compared to the group receiving cadmium chloride. In all experimental groups the hepatic tissue changes induced by cadmium chloride improved which were dose dependent (P˂0.05).

The results of this study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Passifloracaerulea aerial parts had protective effects against the hepatic dysfunction induced by cadmium chloride in adult male rats.

In recent years, leeches have been used to treat some diseases, extract many enzymes and substances that are effective in treating diseases.This study aims to influence the two environments of water-moss and peat moss soil on the number of cocoons, the weight of the cocoons and the losses in the oriental leech.

For this purpose, 300 productive leeches for 45 days in 6 treatments and 3 repetitions per treatment: treatment (1) 10 leeches in water-moss, treatment (2) 15 leeches, treatment (3) 25 pieces Leeches, treatment (4) 10 pieces of leeches in Peat mosss, treatment (5) 15 pieces of leeches, treatment (6) 25 pieces of leeches. Reproductive leeches were kept in a water-moss environment in tanks containing 50 liters of chlorine-free water at 28-27°c. The mosses were controlled and sprayed twice a week, and the cocoons inside the mosses were collected and stored at 25°c. Productive leeches were kept in a 10-liter plastic container in the soil of Peat mosss. The peat moss soil was inspected 3 times a week and sprayed to retain moisture, and cocoons were collected inside the moss soil and stored at 25 °c in the peat moss soil.

The results showed that the number of cocoons produced in water-moss and paet moss soil did not differ significantly (p <0.05). The weight of the cocoons produced in the two environments did not differ significantly (p <0.05). Also, the number of casualties of productive leeches in the two environments showed no significant cifference (p <0.05).

Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with enhanced oxidative stress-induced myocardial injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the of eight weeks aerobic training on the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.

To implementation of this experimental research, 40 male Wistar rats (weight 185.2±22.7 gr) randomly were divided into 4 groups including control, diabetes, training and diabetes-training. In this study, the rats were type 2 diabetic using peritoneal injection nicotinamide-STZ. aerobic training performed with intensity of 50-60% VO2max, 5 days a week and for 8 weeks. The levels of the antioxidant catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in heart tissue were measured using kit and by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the p < 0.05.

The results showed that the levels of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic control rats was lower than the healthy control group (P=0.001). Eight weeks of aerobic training significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats (P=0.001).

According to the research results, aerobic exercise may improve the cardiac function of diabetic subjects by increasing the antioxidant enzymes in the heart tissue. As a result, these training are recommended as adjunctive therapy in these patients.

Sanjabi sheep is one of the valuable breeds of sheep in the west of the country, which is very important in terms of meat and wool production. Considering the importance of native sheep breeds and their breeding in order to achieve production with more quantity and quality, identification of genetic structure and estimation of relevant parameters (number of observed and effective alleles, heterozygosity, Shannon index, etc.) The present study was performed. . The study population consisted of 100 sanjabi rams and ewes located in Mehregan station of Kermanshah province that were randomly selected. DNA extraction was performed by salt method. PCR reaction was performed using 10 microsatellite markers. Amplified DNA fragments were stained on acrylamide gel and detected by silver nitrate method. Alleles were scored according to their size and compared to the standard index PUC8 of Fermentase Company. The results of this study showed that all markers were polymorphic. The mean number of observed and effective alleles for all markers was calculated to be 4.5 and 2.9012, respectively. The highest and lowest expected heterozygosity were obtained in OarFCB11 and BMS2721 markers equal to 0.7548 and 0.5619, respectively. The expected heterozygosity for all markers (genetic diversity) was 0.6487. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the studied sheep have a desirable level of diversity and can be achieved by high breeding by breeding and selection of superior livestock.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) as adult stem cells are crucial for spermatogenesis. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) leads to biological activity disruption of these cells and spermatogenesis. Antioxidants like vitamin C can reduce the damage caused by EMF through oxidative stress reduction. Recent studies also reported the key role of Sertoli cell paracrine signaling in regulating the maintenance and differentiation of SSCs. Thus, we examined and compared the effect of vitamin C and exosomes derived from Sertoli cells on damage induced by EMF in SSCs.

SSCs and Sertoli cells were isolated from the testes of immature male mice. The alkaline phosphatase activity of SSCs was investigated. SSCs were exposed to 50 Hz EMF intensity of 2.5 mT for one hour/five days and were treated with the optimal concentration of vitamin C and various concentrations of exosome. Then the rate of viability, colonization capacity, and apoptosis of these cells were examined.

Our results showed the destructive effect of EMF by reducing viability, colonization rate and alteration of SSCs nuclei. Also, these results were confirmed by increasing expression level of Caspase 9 as apoptotic gene and down-regulation of SOD as antioxidant gene. The addition of vitamin C and exosomes improved the alterations induced by EMF in SSCs; however exosomes had more ameliorative effect in comparison with vitamin C on these alterations.

These findings demonstrated the capacity and effectiveness of exosomes as a new therapeutic agent that can restore SSCs microenvironment damaged caused by EMF exposure.

Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis Klebsiella pnenmonia and Brucella melitensis have high resistance to antibiotics treatments. The aim of this study, was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of Lemon verbena leaves extracts on Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Brucella melitensis in vitro and animal model study.

In this studies after prepagation, of extracts Lemon leaves MIC and MBC and  diameter of inhibition zone was determined by well diffusion agar method, the extracts on bacteria determined by broth dilution method. In animal model study, 5×105 CFU/ml bacteria were injected intraperitioneally in to mice and the counts of bacterias colonies was countected according to the standard protocol.

The results of macrodilution method showed that the MIC of ethanolic extract of the leaves of the lemon verbena in the range of 1:32 dilution (27.81 mg/ml) to 1:8 (111.25 mg/ml) and MBC ethanolic extract of the leaves of the lemon verbena  in the range 1:16 (55.62 mg/ml) to 1:4 (222.5 mg/ml). MIC of acetonic extract of the leaves of the lemon verbena in the range of 1:32 dilution (27.81 mg/ml) to 1:8 (111.25 mg/ml) and MBC of acetonic extract of the leaves of the lemon verbena  in the range 1:16 (48.18 mg/ml) to 1:4 (192.75 mg/ml). Also MIC of aqueous extract was in the range of 1:8 (103.75 mg/ml) to 1:4 (207.5 mg/ml) and MBC of this extract was in 1:4 dilutions (207.5 mg ml) in all studied bacteria. In animal model, were seen a significant reduction between the treated groups with control group. Ethanolic and acetonic extract Lemon verbena more effective in an animal model.

The results of this study showed that Lemon verbena extracts has antimicrobial effect on studied bacteria

Proteus is a gram negative and  facultative anaerobic opportunistic pathogen. This bacterium is responsible for 10% of urinary tract infections. A cause of 90% of proteus-induced infection is the mirabilis. Increasing the multi-drug resistance and the side effects of antibiotics have led to a special concern for this purpose, finding preventive strategies like making a vaccine seems essential. In the present study, LPS from Proteus mirabilis, was extracted, detoxified and conjugated to PLGA nanoparticle. This conjugation was confirmed with ZetaSizer, FTIR and AFM. Vaccination was done intramuscularly, 3 times in two weeks intervals. Then, mices were anesthetized and operated with ethical rights and 6×107 CFU concentrations of P.mirabilis was injected into their bladder. After one week of injection, bladders were removed and suspended in a salt buffer.The results of the challenge test confirmed the success of the PLGA-LPS conjugate in comparison with other groups. In other words, the control and PLGA groups had the highest growth rates, and the average number of colonies was significantly higher than all of the groups. And the number of colonies grown in groups were LPS-PLGA(6.2 *10 cfu/ml) , LPS(3.6 ×103 cfu/ml), PLGA (91.3×102 cfu/ml) and NS(98 × 102 cfu/ml). According to one-way ANOVA, which was done by SPSS software, there was a significant difference between all groups (P <0.05).the PLGA immunogenicity was significantly different with the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that the PLGA-LPS conjugate has an appropriate immunity and can be a candidate of nano-vaccine for urinary tract infection of P.migrailitis.