نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال نهم شماره 9 (پیاپی 54، آذر 1399)

Mental health experts have suggested various programs and interventions enhance parents’ parenting levels. However, the emergence of new issues such as women’s occupation growth, the tendency to have an only child, and the increasing usage of cyberspace have faced families with more problems and made mental disorders more complicated. Moreover, the increased number of divorces, substance abuse, and economic problems expose children to more problems. Therefore, newer and more preventive interventions to enhance families’ well-being seem necessary. This study aims to describe the designing and development process of an innovative intervention based on mentalization theory. This intervention is developed to enhance parents’ mentalization ability and to improve their relationship with their children. The general aim of this intervention is to treat different disorders in childhood and support family memberschr('39') mental health and prevent transmission of destructive parenting models over generations. This study includes two sections. In the first section, by using the Delphi method, theoretical and pivotal basics of the designed therapy were extracted from relevant resources and evaluated. Then, the schema of the new mentalization-based therapeutic approach was designed. In the second section, through randomized controlled trials, the efficacy of this therapeutic approach was measured. In the end, the evaluation procedure of the designed intervention and limitations and suggestions will be discussed.

Job satisfaction in nurses, who are major members of the health team with the largest numbers in healthcare systems, is remarkably important. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mentoring and nurseschr('39') job satisfaction by mediating the role of organizational justice and commitment. The research method was cross-sectional and correlational. 205 nurses from PourSina Medical and Educational Center of Rasht participated in the study. Data was collected from Mentoring Functions Questionnaire (Castro, Scandura & Williams), Job Descriptive Index (Smith, Kendall & Hulin), Organizational Justice  Questionnaire (Niehoff & Moorman), and Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (Allen & Meyer). Data were analyzed using path analysis and bootstrapping method. The results demonstrated that the direct effect of mentoring on job satisfaction is significant; Also, the organizational justice and commitment significantly mediated the relationship between mentoring and job satisfaction. Regarding the findings, it can be expected that nurseschr('39') job satisfaction will increase with improving mentorship in health care organizations. In addition, the supervisors of nursing sections can strengthen their role as an organizational mentor by improving fair and committed job behaviors to enhance the job satisfaction of nurses under their supervision. The implications of these results are discussed with the focus on improving job satisfaction.

Sleep plays an important role in physical and psychological health. Although some studies have explored the relationship between sleep and psychological problems, few studies have examined the role of rumination in insomnia. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological distress and insomnia by considering the mediating role of rumination. This study was descriptive with a correlational design. 246 undergraduate students (145 female & 101 male) were selected by the Multi-stage cluster sampling method from the University of Kashan. The respondents filled in Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Lovibond & Lovibond Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Nolen-Hoeksema Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) & demographic questions. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. Results showed that psychological distress can directly and significantly predict insomnia, and mind rumination has a mediation role in the relationship between psychological distress and insomnia. The predictive variables explained 14% of the variance in insomnia. Depression, anxiety, and stress can directly and indirectly – via mind rumination – cause insomnia. The findings imply that designing and implementing programs to decrease psychological distress with special attention to mind rumination could play a significant role in reducing insomnia and be considered as a supplementary psychological treatment for it.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group-based quality of life counseling on depression, anxiety, and stress in retina diabetic patients in Isfahan Province. The method of this study was quasi -experimental with pretest-posttest- follow up and control group. The research sample included 40 Retina diabetic patients who referred to the Isfahan Diabetes Charity Institute and they had the criteria for inclusion in the study. These individuals were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two groups, that is experimental and control groups. The group-based intervention was performed in the experimental group in 8 sessions. The instrument used in this study was Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Questionnaire (DASS) to which the Participants responded in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up. Analysis of variance with repeated measures method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the experimental and control groups in terms of scores of depression, anxiety, and stress (P<0.01), and post-test scores remained relatively constant in the follow-up stage. Therefore, it can be concluded from the findings of this study that group counseling based on the quality of life plays an important role in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress in Retina diabetic patients.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder that causes a great burden on the individual and society. Despite many studies, there is no consent about the etiology, diagnostic and treatment method of IBS. In recent years, neurologic factors have been given attention for better understanding and management of this disorder. The aim of the present study was a narrative review on the pathophysiology of IBS with emphasis on the role of the central neural system especially brain factors. Based on the literature review, variant factors have a role in the pathophysiology of IBS and recently the hypothesis of gut-brain axis dysfunction is considered as an important factor to induce the IBS symptoms. The Gut-brain axis is a neuro-structural context in that happen connection between brain and gut by interaction among the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and enteric nervous system. The review of studies about brain function and structure of patients with IBS indicated that cortical and subcortical areas related to pain, emotion, and cognition are different in IBS patients than in healthy people. These results lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of irritable bowel syndrome that can be used in diagnostic and treatment processes in clinical and research settings.

Psychological problems of chronic diseases, especially diabetes, which are often overlooked, highlight the need for more attention to appropriate treatment. The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the Fordyce cognitive-behavioral happiness training program on the sense of coherence and fatigue perception of type 2 diabetic patients. The design of the research was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to West Azerbaijan Diabetes association Center, from which 30 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental (15 people) and control groups (15 people). The experimental group received training in Fordyce cognitive-behavioral enhancement skills, whereas the control group did not receive any training in this field. In order to gather information, the Sense of Coherence (Antonovsky, 1993) and the Fatigue Perception (Smets, 1995) questionnaires were used in two stages, pre-test, and post-test. Data were analyzed using the Analysis of multivariable Covariance, MANCOVA. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of the experimental group and the control group in the variables of the Sense of Coherence and Fatigue Perception (p< 0.05). As a result, training on the Fordyce Happiness Program is effective in reducing fatigue perception and increasing the sense of coherence of diabetic patients.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of defense mechanisms in the relationship between personality disorders and emotional self-awareness. The Study design was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all people with each of the personality disorders, who referred to the psychotherapy and counseling office of the first author of the article in Tehran province in 2019 & 2020, that a sample of 200 people was selected, by using the convenient sampling method, and they responded to the Millon Multiaxial Inventory-III (1994), the Emotional Self-Awareness Questionnaire by Grant et al., (2002) and the Defense Styles of Andrews et al. (1993). The correlation coefficients of research variables with the total score of personality disorders showed that emotional self-awareness is significantly negatively correlated with the overall score of personality disorder, and underdeveloped and neurotic defense mechanisms are significantly positively correlated with it. Also, the developed defense mechanisms are significantly mediating the relationship between personality disorders and emotional self-awareness, including schizoid, schizotypal, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and the category of another personality disorders, and have a positive relationship with emotional self-awareness and a negative relationship with personality disorders. In other words, the less use of developed defense mechanisms leads to lower emotional self-awareness and greater grounds for the emergence of these personality disorders. The mediating role of neurotic defense mechanisms was significant in the two schizotypal and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, and this defensive style had a positive relationship with personality disorder and a negative one with emotional self-awareness. The present study showed the relationship between a low level of emotional self-awareness and the emergence of personality disorders, as well as the relationship between the use of undeveloped and neurotic defense mechanisms and the emergence of personality disorders. Besides, it has shown that and the emergence of personality disorders can be explained based on the lack of emotional self-awareness, and defense mechanisms can be considered as mediating factors in this regard.

Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common anxiety disorders in childhood. This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of storytelling on social anxiety in male elementary school students with the action research approach. The present study was a semi-experimental study with the pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all male students in the primary school of Jafarabad district of Qom province in the academic year of 2018-2019. 18 students were selected as the sample using the purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Then students in the experimental groups participated in 6 one-hour sessions of group intervention, whereas those in the control group received no intervention. data were collected using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale  for Children and Adolescents) LSAS-CA). The results of the one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that storytelling improves social anxiety in male elementary school students (P> 0/05). The study findings suggest that storytelling was effective in decreasing the social anxiety in male elementary school students and, therefore, it can be used as a psychological intervention.

This study aimed to compare social cognition aspects (affective theory of mind, cognitive theory of mind, and emotion recognition) in children with specific learning disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and normal controls. In a causal-comparative study, 42 children with specific learning disorders, 43 children with ADHD, and 45 normal children were selected from primary schools and psychological services clinics in Karaj via a convenient sampling method. Research tools included Reading Mind in the Eyes test (Baron-Cohen et. al. 2001), False Belief Test (Baron-Cohen et. al. 1985), and Emotion Recognition Test (Benton, 1994). One-way ANOVA and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used for analysis. Regarding the cognitive theory of mind, one-way ANOVA showed that children with specific learning disorders and ADHD got lower scores than normal children. There were significant differences between groups in affective theory of mind; so the normal group had a higher score than ADHD, and the learning disorder group had higher scores than the ADHD group. Furthermore, results revealed significant differences between normal and ADHD groups in happiness; so the normal group had higher scores. According to the results, it can be concluded that children with a learning disorder and ADHD in comparison with normal children have deficit in high levels of social cognitions, whereas, in low levels and primary stages of social cognitions there is no difference between these two groups. Therefore, social cognition interventions should be focused on the cognitive aspects.

Although a variety of treatments have been developed over the past decade to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), one of the most effective psychological treatments to improve its symptoms is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This study was performed with the aim to systematically review the studies which have focused on the effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on post-traumatic stress disorder. In this systematic review, searching was conducted in SID, Magiran, Noormags, and Google Scholar databases for clinical trials written in Persian and English using the keywords "post-traumatic stress disorder", "PTSD", " eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" and "EMDR" as well as their English equivalent. Totally, seventeen full-text articles were subjected to a final review. After searching, screening, and evaluation, the results showed that all studies in general (overall score) had reported positive effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on improving post-traumatic stress disorder. The findings also showed that this therapy was effective for specific groups, including victims. The studies covered were conducted in different individuals, small sample size, and various cultural contexts. According to these findings, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing could be useful psychotherapy to treat trauma-associated symptoms and improve psychological symptoms in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Further studies however are needed in order to reach firmer conclusions about EMDR of psychotherapies on some symptoms.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-compassion on self-criticism in mothers of children with learning disorders. The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers of children with learning disabilities, who referred to Ardabil special Problems Learning Centers in the academic year 2018-2019. (N=150). The sample of the study consisted of 40 mothers who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental group (20 people) and the control group (20 people). The experimental group received 8 seventy minutes sessions of self-compassion Training. A self-criticism scale (Thampson & Zuroff, 2004) was used for data collection. Data analysis was done by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results showed that self-compassion Training had a significant effect on reducing self-criticism in mothers of children with learning disorders (p<0.01). The results emphasize the importance of using self–compassion programs to improve the psychological well-being of mothers of children with special learning disorders
.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of marriage expectations on the desire for marriage in female students experiencing relationships with the opposite sex. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all female students experiencing relationships with the opposite sex in the Payam Noor University of Qom in the academic year 2019-2020. 147 people selected as a sample by convenience sampling method. To collect data, the marriage desire questionnaire (Heydari et al., 2004) and marriage expectation scale (Jones and Nelson, 1996) were used. Data analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multivariate regression tests by SPSS-25 software. The results showed that realistic and idealistic expectations have a positive relationship with the desire for marriage and pessimistic expectations have a negative relationship with the desire for marriage. The results of the regression revealed that realistic and pessimistic expectations had the potential to predict the desire for marriage (p<0/01). It is suggested that education be provided to female students about marriage expectations in order to increase their desire for marriage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of marital disillusionment in attitudes toward extramarital relationships with the moderating role of emotional intelligence. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on married people referring to psychological and counseling centers in Tehran in 2019. 250 people were selected by cluster sampling method from three centers. In order to collect data, The population information form, Attitude towards Infidelity Scale (Whatley, 2008), Marital Disillusionment scale (Niehuis and Bartell, 2006), and Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar-on, 1997) were used. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 19 using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the linear regression. The results showed that attitudes toward extramarital relationships were positively related to marital disillusionment and negatively related to emotional intelligence (P<0.05). Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and marital disillusionment (P<0.05). The results of the regression analysis showed that marital disillusionment (β=0.296) and emotional intelligence (β=-0.304)  explained 0.24 of the changes in attitudes toward extramarital relationships. But emotional intelligence can not have a moderating effect.   According to the results of the present study, in counseling and educating couples with the aim of reducing extramarital relationships, it is necessary to pay attention to strategies to reduce marital disillusionment and increase emotional intelligence.

Growing cancer in these decades and its effects on all aspects of a patientchr('39')s life causes more research on this illness. Research indicates the incidence of life-threatening illnesses especially in parents makes troubles in family memberchr('39')s life especially in childrenchr('39')s life. Considering the importance of the role of mothers on their childrenchr('39')s conditions with emphasis on girls, this research was aimed to understand the lived experiences of daughters who confronted the motherchr('39')s cancer. The method of the present study was qualitative of phenomenological type.  The sample consisted of 9 daughters who have a mother with cancer and their average age was 37, selected by purposive and snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and then, the data was conducted verbatim and analyzed by interpretive phenomenological analysis (Smith and Osborn, 2007). 5 themes were identified: 1) types of reactions to mother’s illness: such as not being prepared to confrontation, considering cancer similar to death. 2) Shortage of social support: they deprived themselves of social support because of avoiding personal judgments about cancer and the patient or because of the patientchr('39')s insistence. 3) Experiencing emotions: such as grief, disappointment, guilt. 4) Coping strategies: like being connected to other people who were challenging to same trouble, expanding their awareness, doing spirituals. 5) Psychological burdens: fearing loss, sleep disorders, depression, and early shift on the daughterchr('39')s role to a caring one. According to the findings, it can be said that the lives of girls have been profoundly affected by their motherchr('39')s cancer and it is necessary to provide a supporting system for a family that has been faced with cancer.

The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based sex therapy on marital satisfaction in patients with premature ejaculation. The research method is the semi-experimental and pretest-posttest type with a control group and one-month follow-up. The statistical population of the present study included all men with premature ejaculation and their spouses in Shiraz. The statistical sample was 30 couples who were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control group. Then, Six 120-minute sessions of mindfulness-based sex therapy were performed on the experimental group. Both groups answered the marital satisfaction questionnaire three times. The results showed that the mean scores of the marital satisfaction components of the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up phase compared to the control group were significantly increased. Also, Mindfulness-based sex therapy reduced premature ejaculation in men in the experimental group. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that in order to increase marital satisfaction and reduction of premature ejaculation, mindfulness-based sex therapy should be considered and applied.

Quarantine may cause psychological side effects. The aim of this study was to review the psychological effects of quarantine and how to reduce them (systematic study). Keywords of stress, anxiety, and quarantine were searched in electronic databases of national and international scientific Journals from the year 2005 to 2019. Most of the studied studies have reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Some researchers have also shown long-term effects. According to the results of this study, it can be said that in cases where quarantine is considered necessary, the authorities must provide clear explanations for the quarantine to ensure people of providing sufficient resources. The presentation of educational protocols can slow down possible psychological damage.

Symptoms of impulsivity, attention deficit, academic and social problems indicate signs of a disorder called attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. With the growing interest in the last two decades to investigate the environmental factors in the etiology of this disorder, the importance of the family field and the parent and child attachment style has been considered; in the meantime, the construction of the reflective functioning (operational definition of metallization) is considered as a part of the attachment. The present study investigates the existing knowledge in the field of attachment style and reflective functioning in people with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and their parents, which is a systematic type of narrative. In this study, the available resources were received until 2020 by searching for the keywords of reflective functioning, metallization, attachment, attention deficit, and hyperactivity, and parenting and were finally reviewed after selection. Studies show that there is a relationship between attachment style and reflective functioning of children and their parents with the symptoms of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.

Social-Emotional competence can ensure a personchr('39')s success in social life and improve the quality of his relationships. The foundation of social-emotional competence forms in childhood and individuals learn socio-emotional skills during this period. however, Today, children are emotionally immature. They have few friends and their relationships with peers and adults are limited. This has had destructive consequences, such as a decrease in the level of social adjustment, behavioral problems, rejection by peers, decreased self-confidence, and, consequently, poor academic performance, anxiety, and stress. Therefore, teaching social and emotional skills to these children is a priority and can help to compensate for these problems. This study examines the socio-emotional competence, the factors affecting its growth, the consequences of weakness in social and emotional skills, the program of learning social and emotional skills, and its results.

From the point of view of a group of psychological theories, solitary behaviors may be inconsistent with mental health, so that in these theories aloneness is considered a difficult situation that must be prevented or remedied by children who play alone, it is as if they are unhealthy and break the norm and have mercy on those who engage in individual activities. But from other perspectives, aloneness can be beneficial to psychological functioning, so that the urgent need for privacy and positive experiences of solitude are considered common features of self-fulfilling prophecies. In this article, by reviewing the concept of aloneness and investigating the pros and cons of this capacity, we tried to discuss the origin of the formation of aloneness and its significant effects on mental maturity so that mental health professionals can become more familiar with this concept in order to improve this capacity in psychological structure.

due to restrictive conditions (Quarantine) have exposed family relations to some critical issues and have increased domestic violence against women. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the reasons for the increasing domestic violence related to coronavirus (COVID 19) by systematic review study. Methods At the first stage, we gathered original articles from 2019 to 2020 in PubMed, Pro-Quest, Springer, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases by searching for the keywords COVID 19, domestic violence, violence against a close partner, conflicts marital and mental health were studied, and finally, based on the inclusion criteria, out of 65 articles, 15 articles were included in the research and the results were classified, summarized and reported. The evaluation of the reviewed articles showed that long-term quarantine, economic problems, alcohol, and drug use, and mental disorders are the basic reasons for the increase in domestic violence-related to Covid-19. Due to the negative consequences of domestic violence for the psychological and physical health of victims, coordination and cooperation of various institutions to design and implement effective intervention and support strategies to prevent domestic violence and reduce its negative effects are recommended.