مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 11 (پیاپی 171، بهمن 1399)

Skeletal muscles account for about 40% of the total body weight. Every year, hundreds of people lose at least part of their muscle tissue due to illness, war, and accidents. This can lead to disruption of activities such as breathing, movement, and social life. To this end, various therapeutic strategies such as medication therapy, cell therapy and tissue transplantation have been used or studied in muscle regeneration. However, there is no effective and well-defined clinical approach for treatment of muscle injuries and the severity of muscle injuries increase with age in most cases. Therefore, investigation for finding new and effective clinical approach for muscle regeneration is one of the most important issues in basic and clinical researches. Tissue engineering is considered as one of the promising and newest approach for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration and provides an appropriate model for personalized medicine and basic researches that can be used in personalized medicine and basic research. Besides biomaterials and cells, inducing factors are another element of tissue engineering. These factors influence epigenetic mechanisms and signaling pathway, thereby inducing proliferation, differentiation, and migration of cells used in muscle tissue engineering, and accelerates muscle formation in vitro. Recently, small molecules have been used as alternatives to growth factors or along with other inducing factors in muscle tissue engineering. Since they do not induce an immune reaction, penetrate easily to the cells and have a specific molecular target, therefore they have attracted much attention as the cost-effective inducing factors in tissue engineering.

 Taken together, the effective small molecules in muscle tissue engineering can be used with different biomaterial conditions (e.g. hydrogel, decellularized tissue, and synthetic scaffolds) in both in vivo and in vitro, resulting to production of cost effective and highly efficient engineered muscle tissues that help to achieve therapeutical goals of muscle tissue engineering. Herein, we describe tissue engineering and review the small molecules used in skeletal muscle tissue engineering.

Hydatid cysts are much less common in the abdomen than in the lungs, and the most common organ involved in the abdomen is the liver, although it is rarely seen in the spleen alone or in multiple organs. The patient was a 25-year-old man who presented with LUQ pain that started one month ago and with a mild non-intermittent nature and it gradually increased. On ultrasound of the patient, multiple cysts in the spleen area were reported. CT scan images also showed evidence of multiple Hydatid cysts. The abdomen was opened. There were several cystic masses that were carefully removed. After 5 days, the patient was in good general condition. oral Mebendazole was prescribed and the patient discharged from the hospital. Although splenic Hydatid cysts are very rare, they are associated with involvement of other organs in the abdomen, as well as the high risk of rupture and anaphylactic shock before and during surgery. This group of hydatid cysts requires special medical care and surgery. Conditions of involvement of several surgical intra-abdominal organs with special care before and during surgery are the basis of treatment of this group of patients.

Balance in individual with intellectual disability has a great importance due to the failure to perform motor tasks. The purpose of the present study was to compare postural control and balance function in two groups of individual with intellectually disabled with and without developmental coordination disorder.

The present study was a cross-sectional and causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study included all students with intellectually disabilities studying in an exceptional school in Rasht in 1398. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 52 people, including 32 students with intellectual disabilities with developmental coordination disorder and 20 students with intellectual disabilities without developmental coordination disorder were purposefully selected. BESS test, Y balance test, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test were used to evaluate postural control, dynamic balance and functional balance, respectively. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 16 software, independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests at a significance level of P <0.05 was used.

Based on the results of the present study, a significant difference was observed in functional balance (p = 0.001), and overall score of postural control (p = 0.003), but no significant difference in dynamic balance (p <0.05) was observed between the two groups.

Developmental coordination disorder is highly prevalent among the individual with intellectual disabilities. At the same time, they have poorer postural control and functional balance compared to their peers without developmental coordination disorder. Due to the importance of controlling posture and maintaining proper balance in order to prevent injury of these people who are less physically fit than their peers, it is recommended to sports coaches, occupational therapists, physiotherapists and other related fields to take a variety of balance programs to emphasize on improving their balance.

Stuttering is a multifaceted disorder that occurs in the natural course of a person’s speech, which accompanied with different behavioral, emotional, social, and attitudinal changes. Therefore, assessing these changes during stuttering is a vital aspect of treating this disorder. This study was done to investigate the relationship between emotional and social components of Calms Test and demographic characteristics of students with stuttering.

This study was an analytical cross-sectional study (10 months). The sample consisted of 74 students aged 7 to 14 years who were selected by available sampling methods from Speech Therapy Clinics of Yazd in 2020. Calms Test and demographic characteristics questionnaire were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance.

Findings showed that there were significant positive relationship between emotional with social component and the age of students with stuttering (p <0.05). However, no significant difference was found between emotional and social components and studentschr('39') educational levels (p <0.05). Other results showed that male students with stuttering had a better social component than female students.

Assessing the emotional and social components of people with stuttering can examine their knowledge, perception, as well as their sensitivity to the disorder, which is very effective in choosing a treatment strategy.

The prevalence of sleep disorders are 15-42 percent in world population. Sleep disorders can be the result of physical, psychological and environmental factors. The prevalence of these disorders is higher in epileptic children. The aim of this study was identifying the rapid diagnosis of sleep disorders in epileptic children in order to reduce the disease problems.

In this case-control study, 160 children in the age range of 4-16 with epilepsy and sleep disorders were evaluated. In order to data analysis SPSS version 16, chi-square test; quantitative data, Mann-Whitney non-parametric test were used. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the effect of seizure variables on the severity of sleep disorders criteria.

Our results indicated that the incidence of sleep disorders are significantly higher among epileptic children compared to non-epileptic ones (p<0.05). In addition, we observed a significant correlation among some seizure variables such as etiology (p<0.003), response (p<0.01), abnormal EEG (p<0.003), abnormal MRI and CT (p<0.003), age (p<0.003), seizure duration (p<0.002) and sex (p<0.04) with the incidence of sleep disorders.

Some of the epileptic variables, which have a significant correlation with the prevalence of sleep disorders can be considered as the possible parameters for predicting faster sleep disorders in children with epilepsy. Detection of sleep disorders in these children can reduce their problems.

Exercise training with different intensity regulates metabolism at the cellular level by regulating the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of high intensity interval training on the expression of PGC-1α, CS and p-53 genes in the cardiomyocytes of obese male rats with type 2 diabetes.

The present study was an experimental one. Eighteen obese male diabetic rats were divided into three groups of six: high intensity interval training (HIIT), diabetic control (DC), healthy control (NC). Diabetes was induced in all groups except the healthy control group by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. After anesthesia, blood serum was obtained directly from their left ventricle and immediately extracted from their left ventricle. Plasma glucose was measured by glucose oxidase assay. To determine the expression of PGC-1α, CS and P-53 genes, PCR-Real time method and group comparison were used by one-way ANOVA test with application 8 version  graph pad prism at alpha level of 0.05.

The increase in PGC-1α gene expression in HIIT group compared to DC (P = 0.0001) and NC (P = 0.001) groups was significant. Increased expression of CS gene in HIIT group was significant compared to DC (P = 0.0001) and NC (P = 0.009) groups. Decreased expression of P-53 gene in HIIT group compared to DC (P = 0.0001) and NC (P = 0.001) groups were significantly different. Weight and glucose were significantly reduced in the HIIT group.

The results showed that by increasing the PGC-1α, CS genes and decreasing the expression of P-53 gene in cardiomyocytes of obese diabetic rats, it improves the energy metabolism in diabetic patients due to mitochondrial deficiency and possibly it can improve diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Health information seeking and knowledge acquisition play an important role in the management of chronic diseases such as hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine the information sources used by hypertensive patients in self-management of patients referred to Jahrom... health centers.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 396 hypertensive patients who were selected by cluster sampling from six urban-rural health centers of Jahrom City in 2016. Data gathering tool was a 17-question researcher-made questionnaire that was used after validation and reliability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test by SPSS version 16 software.

61.40% (243 patients) of patients with hypertension had information about their disease after developing hypertention. Most of their information sources were physicians and health workers 60.02% (236 people), family and friends 31.12% (122 people) and other patients 25.8% (101 people) and mass media 24.51% respectively. 96 people). 35.4% (n = 86) of patients admitted that this acquisition of knowledge has decreased their referrals to specialized levels  The most important reasons for not obtaining information in 35.29% (140 people) were difficulty and lack of access to information resources.

The results of this study showed a relatively high and good knowledge of the patients after the disease. The most frequently used sources of information were physicians and health workers. Therefore, it is imperative that health professionals use effective ways of transmitting information to these people..

During menopause, which is a part of the aging process in women, the level of sex hormones decreases, which causes problems such as memory impairment and cognitive functions. One of the treatment options for these disorders is hormone therapy, which has several side effects. The present study investigated the effect of remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) technique on memory improvement, muscle strength, motor and balance function in ovariectomized rats.

In the present experimental study, 24 Wistar female rats with an approximate weight of (170-220 g) were divided into three groups (n = 8) including, 1: control group, 2: ovariectomy group and 3: ovariectomy+ treatment group. Initially, the animals in the second and third groups underwent ovariectomy surgery. The RIC techniques were performed on treatment group of rats for two months. After that, memory, muscle strength, and motor and balance function were assessed in all groups. SPSS software (V21) and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis.

The result of this study showed that RIC technique significantly improved memory in the ovariectomy+treatment group in comparison with the ovariectomy group (P<0.04). The results of forced swim test showed that RIC technique significant increase muscle strength in the ovariectomy+treatment group compared to the ovariectomy group (P<0.0281).The result of motor and balance performance did not show any significant improvement.

RIC technique can have beneficial effects on menopausal-related disorders and ovariectomy.