مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال سی و دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 209، فروردین 1403)

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), also known as synovial fibroblasts or type B synoviocytes, are the primary cells responsible for the structure of the synovial lining. They are crucial for the formation of a healthy, organized synovial lining. In rheumatic synovium affected by inflammation, the typical three-layered synovial lining transforms into a pannus-like structure. Various pro-inflammatory conditions in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, characterized by elevated levels of cytokines, growth factors, and infiltration of inflammatory cells, strongly activate FLS cells. Moreover, environmental conditions in the joints of RA patients, such as high pressure and hypoxia, induce changes that further contribute to FLS activation and the development of aggressive characteristics. These changes include increased proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and enhanced cell migration, collectively referred to as a tumor-like phenotype. Additionally, FLS cells release inflammatory cytokines, amplifying inflammation and attracting immune cells to the joint. They also play a role in degrading the extracellular matrix and causing cartilage and bone damage through the production of enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), collagenase, aggrecans, and cathepsins. Recent therapeutic approaches have been directed at targeting the signaling pathways that activate FLS cells and inhibiting factors and cytokines produced by these cells to alleviate inflammatory symptoms and reduce joint damage. It is anticipated that these treatment strategies will complement existing therapies in the near future.

FLS cells are the main components of maintaining the health and nutrition of joints. These cells produce various cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic factors, as well as factors that contribute to the breakdown of matrix and cartilage. The main drivers of significant changes in inflamed joints are proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Treatment strategies have been developed to target the signaling pathways that activate these cells, with a focus on improving inflammatory symptoms. It is expected that these treatment strategies will be incorporated into existing therapies in the near future.

 Inborn error of immunity (IEI) includes variety of genetic disorders that affect both the innate and acquired immune system. The number of primary immune deficiency disorders is increasing due to advanced laboratory testing methods. The patients with IEI are susceptible to multiple infectious and non-infectious diseases، including autoimmune disorders، allergies، and malignancies. Several studies have shown an increasing prevalence of non-infectious disorders in patients in IEI. Among the non-infectious manifestations of primary immunodeficiency، allergic symptoms can play an effective and important role in diagnosis and treatment of these patients.Articles were searched in Google Scholar، PubMed، Web of Science، and Scopus databases. In this review، we have tried to use the latest and most reliable articles related to the subject that have been published in Persian and English language.

 Allergic diseases can be a common part of some primary immunodeficiency diseases. Even in some types of primary immunodeficiency، they are considered the main symptom and important indicator of the disease، which are very decisive factors for the diagnosis of immunodeficiency.

The TP53 gene on the short arm of chromosome 17p, which is known as a tumor suppressor gene, encodes the transcription factor p53, and this factor controls cell cycle progression. This study was done to assess the association of TP53 (rs12602273C>G) gene polymorphism with the risk and prognosis of breast cancer in women of northwest of Iran.

In this case-control study, the association of TP53 (rs12602273C>G) gene polymorphism with breast cancer risk was studied in a population, including 100 patients and 100 healthy individuals was investigated by Tetra ARMS-PCR technique. The analysis of the resulting data was done using SPSS version 16 software and JavaStat online statistics package.

In the case group, the frequency of CC, CG, and GG genotypes were 81.52, 16.3, 2.17 percent, respectively and they were 79.34, 17.39, and 3.26 percent for the control group. Similarly, C and G allele frequency in case group was 89.67 and 10.32 percent and those in the control group was 88.04 and 11.95 percent, respectively. Statistical analyzes showed no association between genotypic (P>0.05) and allelic (P>0.05) polymorphism (rs12602273C>G) of TP53 gene with breast cancer. Also, the results showed that the studied polymorphism was not associated with the clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients in the Northwest of Iran (P>0.05).

These research findings suggest that TP53 polymorphism of rs12602273C>G is not related to the risk of breast cancer. The association of the genotypic distribution of this SNP with the clinical characteristics of the patients was insignificant.

Today, various platforms, including virtual networks and websites, connect people with a lot of data via Internet. The attractiveness of these platforms sometimes makes people use them addictively. Uncontrolled use of the Internet may also cause problems such as reducing academic performance and creating musculoskeletal problems.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 students at one of the universities of medical sciences. Four demographic questionnaires, Young's Internet addiction, Pham and Taylor's academic achievement and Nordic questionnaire were used to collect information. Data analysis was done using descriptive tests and Pearson's correlation, by SPSS V.16 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was related to the upper back (40.8%), lower back (36%) and neck (33.8%) regions. Among different parts of the body, reports of pain in the neck, shoulder, and wrist had a significant relationship with Internet addiction (P-Value: 0.038, 0.007, and 0.029, respectively). No significant relationship was found between different levels of Internet addiction and academic achievement.

The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is one of the complications of incorrect and unprincipled use of Internet-related equipment; Therefore, these problems can be reduced by providing appropriate educational platforms and creating a correct culture of using emerging technologies.

Foreign body ingestion is a relatively common and sometimes life-threatening problem. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the types of foreign body and endoscopic findings in children under 14 years old in Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd City.

This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 children under 14 years of age who referred to the Pediatric Emergency Department of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital with foreign body ingestion in 2018. Demographic information, clinical symptoms, type of foreign body, time interval between ingestion and referral, time interval between the time of referral to endoscopy and findings during endoscopy were collected and analyzed with SPSS version 16.

The average age of the children was 37.14 ± 39.10 months. Out of the 50 children investigated, 33 (66%) were boys and 17 (34%) were girls. The most common clinical symptom was asymptomatic with a frequency of 42%, the most common foreign body was coin (24%), the most common age range was 1-5 years (48%), the most common lesion in endoscopy was the absence of a lesion (56%) and The most common location of the object in endoscopy was stomach (50%) . No statistically significant difference was found between the frequency distribution of endoscopic findings (type of lesion and location of lesion) according to the variables: age, sex and type of foreign body in the investigated children (p>0.05).

The probability of foreign body ingestion is higher in boys and the children aged 1-5 years, so more attention should be paid to these children. Most cases of ingestion of foreign bodies are asymptomatic, but due to serious complications, diagnostic measures should not be postponed.

Treatment of root-treated teeth depends largely on proper restoration. Direct restorations are a better choice if there is sufficient residual tissue. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of dental students in School of Dentistry in Yazd City about the taught factors of direct restoration of endodontically treated teeth.

In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, the knowledge of 67 dental students of School of Dentistry in Yazd City about the taught factors of direct restoration of root-treated teeth was studied using a valid and reliable questionnaire containing demographic characteristics (age and gender) and 28 knowledge questions. After collecting the data, using SPSS version 16 software, they were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test, T test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

36 (53.7%) female students and 31 (46.3%) male students with an average age of 25 ± 3.14 participated in this study. The average awareness score was 32.74 ± 9.65. The average knowledge score of female students (35.30±10.27) was higher than that of male students (31.95±8.70), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.156). In the age group under 25, the average score of awareness (34.78 ± 9.94) was higher than the average above 25 (30.43 ± 8.1). There was an inverse and significant relationship between knowledge score and age, r=-0.242 and P 0.049.

The average knowledge score of dental students regarding the taught factors of direct restoration of endodontically treated teeth was good. Gender did not have a significant effect on the knowledge of students, and the knowledge of students under 25 years old was higher than ones over 25 years old.

 West Nile virus is an infection transmitted through blood-sucking arthropods. Ocular manifestations are one of the characteristics of West Nile virus infection. They occur mostly in connection with severe neurological disease. In this study، using bioinformatics analysis، we investigated and identified the genes in the pathways related to West Nile virus infection in the retina.

 In this study, using bioinformatics methods and referring to the GEO dataset, the appropriate dataset was selected for analysis. This dataset included gene expression profiles in West Nile virus infection with retinal pigment cells. Gene clusters with high and low expression were categorized. For more accurate data evaluation,  databases such as Enrichr، STRING and Network analyst were used. The candidate genes were isolated and their protein relationship was also measured using cytoescape software version 3.7.1. The obtained values with P-Value˂0.05 were selected as significant data.

 The number of 830 genes with high expression and 500 genes with low expression was involved in the development pathways of West Nile virus infection in the eye. Apoptosis، necroptosis، AMPK and MAPK autophagy pathways were clearly observed. After evaluating the relationship between protein networks، RIPK1، STAT1/3 and JAK2 increased expression and GSK3B، MAPK8 and TSC2 genes had decreased expression.

 The present study showed that important proteins and genes played a major role in strengthening West Nile virus inflammation in the retina, among which RIPK1,TSC2, STAT1 and JAK2 showed a more prominent role in this pathway.

Saliva has a key role in protecting the oral environment and functions such as chewing, swallowing, lack of saliva can cause many problems and suffering for patients and affect people's quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the level of awareness of dentists in Yazd City regarding the causes and symptoms and how to treat dry mouth in 2022-2023.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 125 dentists of Yazd City were selected by convenience sampling method. A valid and reliable questionnaire was designed. The data were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA statistical tests and SPSS V.16.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 125 dentists in Yazd City; they were selected by convenience sampling method, 65 of them were male (51.2%) and 60 were female (48.8%). The average of age, work experience and knowledge score of the examined dentists were 33.46±7.27, 6.79±6.57 and 15.24±2.90, respectively. There was no statistically significant relationship between knowledge score and gender and work experience and participate in retraining with P = 0.323, P = 0.120 and P = 0.167, respectively. But there was a statistically significant relationship between the knowledge score and age and university of study with P = 0.030 and P = 0.034. People with older age and educated in type 1 university had more knowledge about dry mouth.

The results showed that the dentists of Yazd City had average knowledge about the causes, symptoms and how to treat xerostomia. And it is necessary to cooperate in holding refresher courses in this field.