نشریه نشاء علم
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، دی 1399)

In the Method and Methodology of Research Course at Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) ، University of Tehran، the class students had series of questions about the procedures of publishing scientific articles. It was decided that these questions be exposed to the eminent scientific professors and questions discussed extensively in this article as follow items: - Why should scientific research data and findings be published in scientific journals? - Why is there an emphasis on publishing the results of scientific research with an international index? Why and what is indexing worth? - Does the specialized reviewing process prevent the novel publication? Is this type of reviewing inducing the discriminatory and influenced by conflicts of interest? - Is publishing articles in scientific journals ، especially international journals، a tool for stealing ideas? - Are some editors of international journals discriminate in the process of submitting judgments or decisions to some countries? Why do some international journals or publishers tend to publish open access articles? Doesn't this harm the scientific quality of scientific articles? - Do universities deserve to play a role in publishing scientific journals? Distinguished academic professors have commented on each of the above questions in detail from various perspectives that the written material has valuable knowledge and experience that can be useful to researchers and students. It is worth mentioning that the answers to the questions have been addressed from a national and international perspective، which can pave the way for scientific publishing institutes ، scientific associations، relevant higher education officials، editors and editorial boards of journals at the national and international levels.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of access to school for more than 250 million children and youth in the primary- and secondary school age, high dropout rates, and unfair distribution of educational facilities were serious crises and challenges to the education and learning systems in the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has doubled the dilemma and problem in the education systems by closing schools and educational institutions in all countries. In this article, an attempt has been made for sharing the personal experience and experience of some universities in other countries in the education system during the COVID-19 with teachers, professors, planners, and policymakers in the field of education and learning to reduce crisis and improve the educational system. In this study, the teaching of theoretical courses, especially in undergraduate and graduate levels by the synchronous virtual learning environments, solving problems, exercises and issues with the asynchronous virtual method, Ph.D. courses by a hybrid online environment, and lab courses in the at-home laboratory program as the most appropriate approach is proposed. Given that E-learning costs are greatly reduced (transportation, accommodation, etc.), it is suggested that cost savings be spent on upgrading E-learning and virtual education infrastructure.

Belief in "We Can" led to the successful completion of postgraduate courses in Iran, which resulted in the training of skilled and efficient human resources, and then the growth of the quantity of scientific documents in the country, so that in the last year (2019) our global ranking reached sixteen. The evolution of science in Iran and the transition from quantitative to qualitative was the right and planned path, which was able to put the country's universities in the world class, and now their further promotion is on the agenda so that Iran can take its true place in global teaching. We are now witnessing the growth of knowledge-based companies and the application of science in the service of society. Universities have put community-centered education on their agenda to fulfill the dream of "Global Thinking and Local Application". The ability of Iran in all areas, is due to Iran's scientific growth and has now become a global belief. Now it is the time entrepreneurship, creating wealth from science, creating hope, creating confidence, developing scientific discourses and expressing progress in the field of practice, scientific diplomacy in the world and creating scientific publishing centers by capable scientific associations and the private sector. The necessity of balancing science among all aspects of science requires that all the scientific potential of the country be used. All disciplines in all three fields of science, social sciences, and humanities, as well as the arts, must work together to achieve the desired scientific and global development, because in today's world, research requires a comprehensive view of all disciplines.

Over the past hundred years, many pandemic diseases of viral origin have been transmitted from wild or even domestic animals to humans. Researchers believe that human intervention in nature and the rapid change of natural environments have provided more opportunities for the evolution of new destructive viruses than at any other time in geological history. Human invasion of wildlife habitats also exposes us to more contact with them. Research shows that high temperatures, ultraviolet rays of sunlight and humidity play an important role in killing the coronavirus. Ultraviolet rays both directly damage the genetic material of the virus and help make vitamin D and beta-endorphin peptide as both boost the body's immune system. Studies also show that dry air and temperatures in the range of 5 to 10 °C create a favorable condition for the spread of the coronavirus. However, since coronaviruses have considerable environmental resistance, the summer heat alone does not seem to be sufficient to combat the deadly virus. Therefore, in parallel with controlling COVID-19 disease, it is also important to limit the emergence cycle of new deadly viruses by reducing human involvement in nature and the natural habitats of animals.

The prevalence of COVID-19 in the world has caused stress among individuals due to fear of infection and economic and social harm. Research has shown that patients and even healthy people experience some neuropsychiatric symptoms, and changes in the endocrine and immune systems suggest a link between SARS-CoV-2 and changes in the brain and behavior. The interaction of these factors on the mental health of patients. Therefore, people are required to define the boundaries of their relationships and must define some boundaries in order to protect themselves and their mental health. Therefore, controlling this crisis requires medical, ethical and psychiatric care. In this article, considering the effects of Covid-19 on the psychological dimension, the therapeutic effect of science entitled "Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology", which shows the interaction between mind and body, is described. There are also solutions to have a healthy mind and modulate the immune system. Finally, in order to get acquainted with this scientific field and its importance, research centers and scientific journals that work in this field are introduced

The recently known coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has turn into the biggest global health challenge, affecting various societies. Unfortunately, the lack of a particular treatment and gold-standard diagnostic system has made the situation more and more complicated. Efforts have led to production of numerous diagnostic kits that are associated with limitations such as accuracy as well as inadequate sensitivity. Aptamers are the artificial single-stranded DNA, RNA sequences, or peptides that can bind to certain targets with very high specificity. A number of their unique features make them a more effective choice than antibodies. Aptamers typically generated through Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX) and screened and selected via in vitro process from a library, making it possible to attach to any target molecules. Even though few surveys have introduced specific aptamer types of coronavirus, they could help us select the best approach to discover specific aptamers for this virus. The present research has offered a systematic overview on the utilization of aptamer-based biosensors and drugs to diagnose and treat human coronavirus

One of the natural sources of light with biological origin is biophoton, which is emitted by all living organisms. The main source of biophoton emission is the reactive oxygen species produced in mitochondria. In addition to providing information about the physiological and pathological status of living organisms, biophoton are used as a communication factor at various structural levels. Research showed that biophoton emission can be used to study the homeostasis capacity of bacteria, because of severe changes in cell metabolism cause changes in the intensity and spectrum of biophoton emission. Increased biophoton emission is also seen in plant cells under stresses such as injuries, poison, or freeze. In addition to the molecular process, cells also use biophtons as communication tools. Since changes in biophotonic activity indicate a change in mitochondrial energy production in pathological and physiological conditions, it is possible to use them to diagnose and treating diseases by comparing biophoton production.

Zebrafish Danio rerio is a bony fish species belonging to the carp family and native to freshwater rivers in north-eastern of India and Bangladesh. This fish is known as an aquarium fish and has a group-social life in the world. This species has many advantages in terms of laboratory studies, including easy maintenance, high reproductive rate, body transparency in embryonic and larval stages, high density and low maintenance cost. Another advantage of this species is the possibility of extensive study of egg, embryonic, larval and adult stages in various scientific studies. Nowadays, zebrafish is a wellknown and prominent model in the sciences, including neurology, toxicology, genetics, endocrine disorders, vertebrate biology, biological evolution, human disease, and also well-known in behavioural studies. Here, in this review, firstly we report the importance of using zebrafish as a model and pioneer species in the study of a broad range of human diseases. As a follow up, we examine the validity of this species in behavioural studies and their behavioural responses to environmental stimuli using chemical senses, hearing and visual sensory modalities. Finally, investigators of fish behaviour should take into account animal welfare issues and consider the potential for multi modal effects on laboratory tests.

The informal settlement is a self-driven phenomenon that often occurs without a building permit and the formal plan of the urbanism inside or in the margin of the cities, large cities in particular. This phenomenon is the manifestation of the lack of meeting the housing and shelter needs of the low-income class that have no place in the planned and official urban space. The numerous disorders in the environmental, economic, social, and physical aspects and other factors have reduced the living quality of the residents in the informal settlements. The current paper investigates various aspects of the informal settlement, definitions, and characteristics of different types of informal settlements descriptively. The research method is analytical-descriptive, and the data collection method is mainly library studies. Based on the results, the marginalization is to meet the housing needs of individuals who build their settlements with uncommon materials in the remote urban lands or with the lack of standards for various reasons. They are in a poor living situation to meet their housing need. These individuals are responsible for mainly a part of the city economy. However, they cannot afford to provide shelter inside the city, and therefore, meet their needs by marginalization. Informal settlements can become an opportunity for lowincome classes, or they can contribute to providing shelter by reducing the problems of these regions.

Studying the biographies of great scientists can lead to more effectively understanding their intellectual path. As we learn how other people made novel discoveries, we learn new ways of thinking that might allow us to make our own new discoveries. In addition, through learning about the history of science, we read about great scientists who thought outside the box. We also see how science is influenced by the culture. In this way, we discover the history of science. In this study, the biographies of Razi and Avicenna, two great Iranian scientists and Newton and Pasteur, two great Western scientists have been studied. In this paper, in addition to mentioning the discoveries and inventions of these great scientists, their moral highlights have been addressed. Some of the opinions and thoughts of these scientists are summarized: Razi was the first physician to free himself from the unquestioning beliefs. He chose experimental and practical methods, and he rejected what seemed wrong in practice. He imported experimental methods in natural sciences (especially medicine and chemistry) 1500 years ago. Razi was one of the pioneers of Alchemy knowledge as he wrote a book entitled Al-Asrar or Secrets of the Alchemy Industry. Razi's opinion about animals, plants, and living things is as follows: It is not permissible to harm a living thing unless we have removed the most severe suffering from it. One of the important issues at corona virus(COVID-19) time knows about quarantine ruled by Avicenna. Avicenna announced the first rules of quarantine and hygiene regarding the plague, including: wash your hands with water and vinegar, stay at home, do not go to the mosque, keep your distance, shops are closed only grocery stores and basic necessities should be open. One of his most important tips was to be completely hygienic but not afraid of the plague. Fear causes the plague to come to you. One of Avicenna's views was that prejudice in science and philosophy, like any other prejudice, is a sign of crudeness and futility and always ends up to the detriment of truth. Newton said: he made most of his discoveries during the 18-month quarantine period due to the outbreak of the plague, which he called the Golden Age until many years later. Another great quote from Newtown: You can never do great things with small people. Pasteur achieved remarkable achievements such as disinfectant for the room and surgical instruments, anthrax vaccine and rabies vaccine, which undoubtedly changed human life, and after him, the principles of its foundation were shared with other scientists. It was very effective in treating typhus, cholera, diphtheria and yellow fever. One of Pasteur's great quotes: The role of infinitesimal beings in nature is infinitely large.