نشریه شناخت اجتماعی
پیاپی 18 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The concept self has been considered by psychologists as one of the important concepts. The concept of possible self is one of the dimensions of our knowledge, which plays an important role in people's thinking and decision about their future. Hence, it seems to be related to variables such as perfectionism, self-compassion, and proactive coping. The purpose of this study was to compare perfectionism, self-compassion, and proactive coping among students with positive and negative possible selves. The research sample consisted of 300 students of Shahrood industrial University who were selected by convenience sampling method and answered to perfectionism, self-compassion, proactive coping and possible selves questionnaire. Of these, according to the criteria for entry and exit, two groups of 40 people with positive and negative possible selves were selected. Data were analyzed by using multivariable analysis of variance. The results showed that between groups, in terms of perfectionism, subscale of community-oriented perfectionism, and in the variable of self-compassion, there is a meaningful difference in self-kindness, self-judgment and over-identification subscales. There was also a significant difference between the two groups in terms of proactive coping. Overall, the results of this study showed that self-compassion, perfectionism, and proactive coping have an important role in people's possible selves.

The aim of study was to determine the effectiveness of Group Cognitive-Social Problem Solving on self-control and anxiety in preschool girls.

the current reserch design was a quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and follow up. The study population consisted of all preschool students in district 12 of Tehran. The research sample included 30 preschool girls, who were selected with available sampling method, and assigned into 2 groups including cognitive-social problem solving and control. groups All subjects completed the anxiety (Spence, 1999) and the self control (Humphrey, 1982) questionnaires in pretest, posttest and follow up. for analyzing of gathered data, the analysis of covariance was used.

The results showed that cognitive-social problem solving group had a significant reduction in anxiety and increase in the self-control compared to control droup (P = 0/001). These results were maintained at the follow-up stage.

According to the results, the use of this training can be suggested to mental health professionals and school counselors.

The coronavirus epidemic have had different effects on psychological aspects of individuals, especially on patients with corona disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and health anxiety with cognitive emotion regulation strategies in outpatient with Corona disease. For this purpose, a sample of 400 adult men and women outpatients over than 20 years old evaluated by health anxiety questionnaire (Salkovskis, 2002), intolerance of uncertainty (Freeston, 1994), and The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2001) via social network. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and path analysis were used. The results showed health anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty were negatively correlated with adaptive, and positively with non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Also, intolerance to uncertainty was indirectly correlated with non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies through mediating of health anxiety. These results will have practical implications to design psychological interventions to maintain and promote the mental health of the patients with corona disease.

Self-disgust as a negative self-conscious emotion schema is associated to psychopathology. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian version of the Multidimensional Self-Disgust Scale (MSDS).

The statistical population of this study consisted of all undergraduate students of the Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch in the academic year 98-99, among whom 324 students (201 females, 123 males) were selected randomly by multistage sampling, and they responded to multidimensional self-disgust scale, the levels of self-criticism scale, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. The data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha and Pearson correlation using SPSS and AMOS softwares.

Results of the exploratory factor analysis showed 4 factors with eigenvalues higher than 1 which explained 50/35% of the total variance. Also, confirmatory factor analysis indicators also implied the optimal fitness of four-factor model of this scale. The total reliability of the scale was estimated to be respectively 0.91 and 0.87 using Cronbach’s alpha and split half. Convergent validity and divergent validity were also confirmed by calculating scale correlation through the levels of self-criticism scale and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale respectively (p < 0.01). Also, this scale had a positive and significant correlation with neuroticism and a negative and significant correlation with openness to experience (p < 0.05).

The multidimensional self-disgust scale (MSDS) is characterized by relatively proper validity and reliability for application in Iranian samples and can be a suitable tool in the researches of this field.

Depending on the frequency of encounters and the sense induced the emotions involved, people develop different conceptualizations of a phenomenon.

The authors of the present study, therefore, have utilized the concept of emotioncy to introduce the emotioncy profile, in which emotions about a given concept and their frequencies can be considered as a propel to produce motivation at individual and social levels. This emotioncy profile emo-sensory motivation can be further categorized into EMOTIONcy (emotion>frequency), emotionCY (emotion<frequency), and EMOTIONCY (emotion=frequency), based on which people may experience different levels of motivation and immersion. The results of the present study indicate that at the EMOTIONcy level, emotions can be so affective that they move individuals from exvolvement to involvement..The results of the present study indicate that at the EMOTIONcy level, where people experience more emotions, it might be so effective that it moves them from exvolvement to involvement. Also, if a person has positive emotions about a concept, it increases flow, which consequently leads to willingness to repeat and positive attitudes. Contrarily, negative emotions can lead to extreme avoidance, and demotivation, and negative attitudes.

The standard situation is the time emotions and senses go hand in hand, creating optimal motivation and immersion. The normal situation is the time when emotions and senses go hand in hand, creating optimal motivation and immersion. This can lead to congruent attitudes at individual, local, and global levels. Moreover, individual, local, and global attitudes can change when there is no balance between sense and emotion.

The purpose of this study is a structural model of academic performance based on academic self-efficacy and academic motivation mediated by cognitive strategies . The present study is an applied and correlational research using structural equation modeling. The statistical population was all students from which 470 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. The research instruments were Migli et al.'s (1998) Achievement Goals Questionnaire, Morris Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (2001) and Pintrich et al.'s (1991) Motivational Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Research data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that all models of research variables had a good fit. In the assumed model, achievement goals with academic performance mediated by cognitive strategies had full effect and direct effect and indirect effect was insignificant. The effect of academic self-efficacy with academic performance mediated by cognitive strategies had a full effect and a significant direct effect, but the indirect effect is non-significant. The effect of academic self-efficacy was significant with 5% academic achievement. The results showed that the variable of academic self-efficacy has a significant effect on academic performance and can explain 37% of the variance of academic performance. Teachers, counselors and parents can use the variable of academic self-efficacy to enhance students' academic performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive model of helping behaviors based on the variables of risk perception, self-efficacy and social problem solving with regard to the mediator variable of responsibility. The present study was a descriptive study of the type of correlation and the research population consisted of all aid agencies in the province of Khuzestan in 2018. In order to determine the sample size, Cochran formula based on non-defined population was used and 387 people were selected by cluster sampling method. In this regard, Khuzestan was divided into two geographic areas including north, south, east, west and central. in each region, a flooded area was selected randomly and in each region, two flood relief camps were selected and referred to it and randomly selected subjects who referred to these centers were selected. Data collection tools included the Derakhshandeh Nia's helping behavior questionnaires (2005), Benten risk perception questionnaire (1993), Sherer self-efficacy (1982), Dezurilla et al.'s social problem solving (2002) and Gough's responsibility (1984). In order to test the hypothesis, the statistical method of path analysis was used with SPSS and AMOS-22 software. The results of path analysis of indirect coefficients showed that responsibility can play mediator role in relation between social variables solving and self-efficacy with the helping behavior of flood aid workers in Khuzestan (p < 0/05) while responsibility has not been able to play mediator role in relation between risk perception and helping behavior (p>0/05).

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of compassion focused therapy on cognitive flexibility and social sufficiency of women with marital conflicts. This research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design. Using felner and etal's social sufficiency, Denis and Vendervall’s cognitive flexibility and Sanai and Barati's marital conflicts, questionnaires, 30 women of with marital conflicts. Were purposive selected and were randomly assigned in two experimental and control group (each group was 15). The experiment group received 8 sessions of CFT based on Gillbert's instruction package and the control group did not receive any training in this field. After executing the CFT, social sufficiency, cognitive flexibility and marital conflicts of the members of two groups were measured again. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA). Calculated F either in the Mancova analysis and either in the Ancova analysis for variables of social sufficiency , cognitive flexibility, showed significant differences in both groups. The results of this study which are in line with other studies that CFT has significant role in increasing social sufficiency and cognitive flexibility in the women with marital conflicts

The subject of social cognition research is to explore, how to capture, use and interpret the information that is relevant to the social world. Since proverbs are both interlocutory social interfaces and are also intercultural social interfaces, they are therefore considered to be one of the appropriate indicators for in-time and simultaneous studies of social cognition. Using an analytic-descriptive approach, this research seeks to show that: corresponding to any cognitive processing paradigm, there are many proverbs in the Persian language that explicitly, by highlighting the aforementioned cognitive paradigm, insist on its confirmation or rejection. So although the repercussions of schemas and secret cognitive strategies are sometimes in the name of our individual subconscious, our collective culture, far ahead of the theorists of cognitive science, has brought them to the forefront of their epistemological and conscious awareness. The central issue of research is how proverbs play a role in transferring processing patterns from the level of individual unconscious to the level of collective consciousness. This study, for the first time, looks closely at the parables of the Persian language, with an approach to cognitive psychology. The vacuum that suffices for the application of cognitive science in literary research, as well as, the lack of cognitive science to the capacity of popular literature confirms the necessity of this research. The good use of popular culture as evidence for cognitive theories is that its tested subjects are natural, not laboratory.

The aim of this study was to construct a self-empathy scale based on the psychodynamic approach of Davanloo and Malan.

This was a descriptive correlational study with the aim of developmental psychometrics. The statistical population of this study included all students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran and Garmsar in the academic year of 1998-99.

The reliability coefficient of this scale was 0.89 by Cronbach's alpha method. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of his self-empathy scale showed that with 16 items, 5 factors measure body attention, perception of feelings, introspection, anxiety, and defense mechanisms. This scale, with its coefficient of reliability and validity of structure and content, is suitable for screening people at their level of self-empathy. This research was done as the first attempt to construct a scale of self-empathy that achieved 16 items and 5 internal factors of this concept. Psychometric indices of this scale can be considered for the first attempt. This scale is currently suitable for screening and this path requires more extensive research to be able to achieve psychometric indices suitable for clinical trials.

Music is influential in all aspect of human existence and there is a great deal of research into the influence of music on the body and the psyche, musicians can also influence people as creators of music and a part of culture of society.

This study preformed aimed to compare the theory of mind in traditional percussions player with traditional string musical instruments players and normal counterparts.

This study is a causal-comparative study in which a sample of 90 people consisting of 30 traditional percussion players, 30 string musical instrument players and 30 normal counterparts were selected. The musicians were selected through available sampling from music teachers and their counterparts were selected through purposeful sampling. The instruments used in this study were Baron-Cohen’s Theory of Mind questionnaire. The data were analyzed by ANOVA. Result and

Analyzes show that there was a significant difference between traditional percussion players, traditional string musical instruments players and normal counterparts in theory of mind as the results show that amount of TOM in traditional string musical instruments players is more than normal counterparts and traditional percussion players.

Onomastics is a branch of linguistics, or according to Crystal (2008), a branch of semantics; onomastics has been studied from different perspectives. This paper addressed onomastics from the perspective of the social-cognitive (sociocognitive) linguistic approach, which is the corollary of cognitive linguistics and social linguistics. Social-cognitive onomastics, which can be subsumed under social-cognitive linguistics, covers the core concepts of a usage-based understanding of language, intralanguage and inter-language diversities, categorization and prototypes, cultural patterns, social senses, and the counter-effect of language, culture, and ideology. It merits mention that most studies in the area of cognitive linguistics and the newer, less studied social-cognitive linguistics focus on concepts and semantics. Scholars believe it is necessary and inevitable to shift from concepts to (proper) names, i.e. onomastics, in cognitive and social linguistics. The aim of this paper, applying documentary research method, is in line with and a continuation of a research plan launched by Zandi and Ahmadi in 2016; the only difference is that the current paper paid special attention to common nouns that represent a category. This paper also gave another outlook: an emphasis on a usage-based approach in onomastics. Pragmatically speaking, onomastics touches upon actual lexical selections from among expressions and examines the factors affecting the selection of a particular expression. The results showed that numerous factors affect the selection of a proper word for a signified concept, with context having the greatest effect.