نشریه پژوهش های علوم دامی
سال سی‌ام شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

foods functional and their natural products include a wide range of foods that have the potential to improve health and prevent disease due to bioactive components. Sesame (Sesame indicum) belongs to the Pedaliaceae family and is one of the oldest oilseeds that was first cultivated in Africa and then in India. Sesame contains a significant amount of physiological active ligands (up to 1.5%), Includes lipid-soluble lignans such as cisamine and cisamulin, furfuran, episysamine, and cisaminol glycosides and water-soluble lignans such as triglycoside and monoglucoside.Sisamin lignans in sesame oil has many antioxidant properties.In addition to lignans, sesame seeds also contain tocopherols, mainly gamma tocopherols as antioxidants.Polyphenols are a group of secondary plant metabolites that act as neutralizing free radicals, LDL cholesterol oxidation inhibitors, and DNA breakdowns.Research has also shown that the phenolic content of black sesame is higher than that of white sesame.Sesame seeds are effective in reducing blood lipid and improve lipid profile due to dietary fiber, linoleic acid and lignans. During the defatting of sesame seeds by mechanical method (cold pressed) partially defatted sesame meal is produced, which during the recent years the production of these by products in the country increased.Sesame meal, due to its high protein content, can be a good protein source for replacing other edible protein sources, including cottonseed meal and soybean meal in livestock feeding.The meals used in this experiment contain 39% protein and 24% fat, and can be used especially for replacing with soybean meal insheep feed.Few studies have evaluated the effect of using sesame meal on sheep nutrition.Therefore, the inclusion of sesame meal in sheep feed will in part help producers reduce the impact of the global increase in feed costs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sesame meal on performance, blood factors and improve antioxidant activity in fattening lambs.Therefore, the inclusion of sesame meal in sheep feed will in part help producers reduce the impact of the global increase in feed costs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sesame meal on performance, blood factors and improve antioxidant activity in fattening lambs.

Twenty-one male lambs with an initial body weight of 30 ± 3 kgwere used in a completely randomized design for an 60-day feeding experiment with a 15-day adaptation period. Experimental treatments included: 1-control diet based (without Sesame meal), 2-diet with 6 % Sesame meal, 3-diet with 12 % Sesame meal.The experimental diets were set using SRNS software (NRC2007). The feed was completely mixed and was given to livestock twice a day at 8:00 am and 4:00 pm. Lambs were weighed on the first day and then every two weeks.In the last week of the experiment, after morning meal (2 hours later), some rumen fluid was removed by the pump and filtered, and then the pH and ammonia nitrogen were measured.At the end of the experimental period, lambs were slaughtered. Sampling of longissimusmusclewas performed between 12th and 13th ribs from the left halves of each carcass. Samples of muscle were dissected and ground to homogeneity for determination of antioxidant Factors.Also blood samples of each animal were centrifuged and stored in the freezer to measure blood and antioxidant parameters. blood parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, albumin, total protein, HDL, LDL, ASAT, ALAT, creatinine) in plasma by using Pars test laboratory kits (Gesan Chem 200 , Italy)Measured. Plasma MDA was measured by the method of Palasser et al. (1996). MDA muscle was measured according to Steering and Chisman (1990). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured by FRAP method provided by Bensi et al. (1996).Measurement of fatty acids of sesame meal was done by Fulch et al. (1957). Chemical composition including dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and ash was measured by AOAC method (1990) and cell wall with van soest method (1991).

The results of this experiment showed that the use of sesame meal had no effect on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio, and rumen parameters were not affected by experimental diets.In the present study, plasma glucose concentration did not change between the two treatments supplemented with sesame meal compared to the control treatment. Unchanged blood glucose between diets containing sesame and control diets indicates that sesame has no negative effects on insulin receptors, glucogenesis, glycolysis and glucose oxidation process. In this experiment, HDL level was increased in the experimental treatments, which was significant in the 6% sesame meal treatment compared to the control treatment. Oleic Acid in Sesame Oil Increases High Density Lipoprotein HDL. In human medicine, increasing HDL is a desirable goal in human health because HDL has a negative relationship with heart disease Sesame meal had no effect on serum protein components. In the present study, there was no significant difference between the three experimental treatments in AST and ALT activity. The trans-amination process involves the intermolecular transfer of the amine group from an amino acid donor to a keto acid receptor without the formation of ammonia intermediates. Transaminase plays an important role in mediating metabolism when it provides a means for the synthesis and degradation of amino acids in living cells. The two aminotrans above ALT, AST, occur in almost all animals and humans, but their activity varies considerably in different tissues. The highest AST activity was in the heart while the highest ALT activity was in the liver. Hepatocellular injury results in elevated serum levels of both enzymes (AST and ALT), but overall ALT is more specific in liver injury than AST. Liver function evaluation can be performed by estimating ALT, AST, and ALP activities that are originally present at higher concentrations in the cytoplasm. These enzymes leak into the bloodstream to the extent of liver damage. An increase in the level of serum marker enzymes is one of the most sensitive indicators of liver injury. Sesame meal acts as an important mediator of enzymatic resistance in fat-rich diets that results in obesity and diabetes through its ability to reduce the enhanced activity of ALT, AST and ALP enzymes at the cellular level. Use of sesame meal at 12% level resulted in an increase in total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde reduction in muscle. Overall, high intake of natural antioxidants transfers these molecules to tissues, thereby increasing the total antioxidant capacity. Photochemical compounds such as polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, phytoestrogens) are glucosinolates and carotenoids. Despite the potential importance of lignans in reducing the risk of disease and cancer, little is known about the metabolic fate of these compounds.

Finally, the use of sesame meal in livestock feeding is a way to reduce feed costs. In addition, the transfer of beneficial ingredients to animal products, while helping the livestock's health, can be used as aenriched food in human nutrition.

Probiotics are live food micro-organisms and their positive effects on the microbial balance of the host animal have been proved. Prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates that are not digestible in whole garter-intestinal tract of farm animals. Synbiotics are derived feed additive from the combination of probiotics and prebiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic through milk on the growth, intake and immune function of suckling calves.

Twenty four Holstein male calves with an average live body weight of 42 ± 3 kg were assigned to the following treatments based on their live body weight. 1) Control group: Normal milk feeding without any additive. 2) Normal milk feeding + 1.5 g per calf per day Protoxin probiotic (multivariate probiotic including 7 filament bacteria and 2 filament yeast at a concentration of 2 × 109 cfu / g). 3) Normal milk feeding + 5 g per calf per day Inulin prebiotic. 4) Normal Milk feeding + 1.5 g per calf per day Protexin + 5 g per calf per day Inulin. Calves were fed twice daily at 7 and 16 hours. The starter feed (Table 1) was fed to the experimental calves for 60 days. Water was available at all times. Table 1. Percentage of feed ingredients in the starter fed to calves Feed ingredient % Barely 26 % Corn 17 % Soybean meal 20 % Flax seed 10 % Wheat Bran 9 % Dried Sugar Beet Pulp 5 % Cottonseed 4 % Fish powder 4 % Cotton seed meal 3 % Salt 0.1 % Lime 0.1 % Di-calcium phosphate 0.1 % Bentonite 0.2 % Vitamin supplement( broiler ) 0.75 % Mineral supplement (broiler) 0.75 % All analyzes were performed based on ANOVA method using general linear modeling process and using SAS software. Results and Discussion Data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the control group and the rest groups in terms of feed intake (Table 2). Table 2. The feed intake by the experimental calves (gram per calf per day) with or without additives Week of experiment Average feed intake by group of calves (fed with or without addetives) SE Control Inulin Protexin Synbiotic 2 49.83 55.5 83.33 84 0.84 3 189.17 196.67 177.83 197.5 0.82 4 550.5 566.67 600 617.5 1.64 5 651.33 696.67 639.83 695.83 1.37 6 747.83 747.17 699.5 768.33 1.31 7 1040 1147.5 1133.5 1195 2.33 The calves fed with multi strain probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic had significantly (p < 0.05) higher daily weight gain than control group (Table 3). But there was no significant difference between the calves fed by milk containing probiotic and prebiotic addetive. Table 3. Average daily weight gain of calves (gram per calf per day) during the experimental weeks Week Average Weight of group of calves (fed with or without addetive) SE Control Inulin Protexin Synbiotic 1 42.16 40.66 42.83 42.16 1.00 2 42.48 41.40 43.46 42.91 0.99 3 43.16 42.50 44.50 44 0.99 4 44.58 45 46.58 47 0.90 5 49.18 50.51 52.20 52.96 0.91 6 55 59.25 61.11 62.31 0.92 7 63 69.50 70.58 72.61 0.89 Fecal E.coli counts showed that calves receiving probiotic, prebiotic or synbiotic had a lower fecal E.coli count than the control group (Table 4). Table 4 – number of Escherichia coli (log cfu/g of wet digesta) in feces of the experimental calves Week Average E.coli count (log cfu/g) of group of calves (fed with or without addetives) SE Control Inulin Protexin Synbiotic 7.67c 7.67c 7.68a 7.65b 7.57ab 0.033 7.68b 7.68b 7.64a 7.62a 7.54a 0.041 7.71b 7.71b 7.61b 7.58b 7.51a 0.036 Serum and blood plasma biochemical data showed that there was a significant difference in neutrophil and lymphocyte rates in different time intervals, but no significant difference was observed in monocyte (Table 5). Table 5 - blood variables characteristics in calves fed with / without additives SE Group of experimental calves Blood variable Sampling day Synbiotic Protexin Inulin Control 2.62 32.8 28 27 31.33 Neutrophil% 14 2.88 64.83 70.66 72.66 67.33 Lymphocyte% 1.93 29 30.16 30.16 27.33 Neutrophil% 42 2.43 66.67 69.5 69.83 69 Lymphocyte%

Addition multi-strain probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic to whole milk of suckling calves increases their daily weight gain and feed intake. They also reduced the E.coli and pathogenic bacteria counts in of calves gastrointestinal tract. There was a significant difference in blood neutrophil and lymphocyte levels of calves fed milk containing additives in comparison with the control calves. Although, there was no a significant difference for the monocytes level between all groups of calves.

conjugated linoleic acid is used as an energy and functional food in a Holstein cattle feed ration and have beneficial effects on the Holstein cattle diet in different periods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CLA fat supplementation on production performance, energy balance, milk production and its compositions and some blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows during transition period.

In this study, 18 male Holstein dairy cows of 4 years old with a history of two breeding weighing 600 ± 50 kg, mean daily milk production of 30 ± 5 kg, and a BCS of about 3 with the same environmental conditions were used. The main difference was in the energy of supplementary diet and fat used in the groups. The control group consumed palm fat powder from the rumen as a source of palmitic and oleic acid (120 grams per day for each cow). The second group consumed a CLA supplement for 120 g/day from the rumen as a source of trans-10 Cis-12 CLA and Cis-9 trans-11 CLA. The third group consumed fat supplements (120 Grams of fatty acids per day containing 0 and 80 g of conjugated mixed linoleic acid isomers per day). The diets of cows were formulated and balanced based on their predictive requirements (NRC 2001), for energy, protein, minerals and vitamins. After determining the cows BCS, uniforming and random selection of treatments, the treatment started two weeks before delivery and continued until 2 months after it. Dairy fat supplements were fed twice daily at 8:00 am and 7:00 pm, and water was available to them throughout the treatment. The cows were 3 times milked daily and the daily milk production was recorded and then evaluated. Each week, milk samples were taken for analysis of milk compounds, and they were stored at 4 ° C with a preservative (Bronopal). For fatty acid analysis, milk samples were taken once a week and were kept at -20 ° C until analysis of fatty acids. Blood sampling was carried out intravenous from the tails two weeks before delivery, and, then, once a week until 60 days of lactation at 7 o'clock (before the morning meal) using heparin tubes. Blood samples were transferred to the laboratory on ice. In order to obtain blood plasma, the blood samples were centrifuged in a laboratory at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4 ° C and, then, the collected plasmas were divided in two tubes and stored at 15 ° C for analysis of metabolites and hormones. To evaluate the effect of different sources of CLA supplementation on the production and composition of milk and the energy balance BCS, blood metabolites were evaluated.

In this study, the BCS showed the effects of conjugated linoleic acid consumption and fat supplementation on the mean score of BCS. Its changes on Holstein dairy cows were recorded and It was shown that the changes in BCS were 0.96, 0.72 and 0.66 percent (p˂0.05). The effects of conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on diets had a significant effect on the production of cows in this study (p˂0.05). The milk productions in control groups, fat supplement and conjugated fatty acid were 36, 35.2 and 37.6 kg/day, respectively, indicating a significant difference between the three diet groups (p˂0.05). In this experiment, the addition of conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements to the diary diet showed a significant effect in this study (P˂0.05). There was a significant difference in comparison of milk composition in the three groups regarding protein, lactose and total milk solids as shown in Table 2 (p˂0.05). The effects of using conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows showed that cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, adding CLA supplements and fat supplements to diet had significant effects on the cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA and BHB of cows in this study (p˂0.05). There was a significant difference in comparison of milk composition in the three groups regarding protein, lactose and total milk solids as shown in Table 2 (p˂0.05). The effects of using conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows showed that cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, adding CLA supplements and fat supplements to diet had significant effects on the cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA and BHB of cows in this study (p˂0.05). There was a significant difference in comparison of milk composition in the three groups regarding protein, lactose and total milk solids as shown in Table 2 (p˂0.05). The effects of using conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows showed that cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, adding CLA supplements and fat supplements to diet had significant effects on the cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA and BHB of cows in this study (p˂0.05). There was a significant difference in comparison of milk composition in the three groups regarding protein, lactose and total milk solids as shown in Table 2 (p˂0.05). The effects of using conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows showed that cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, adding CLA supplements and fat supplements to diet had significant effects on the cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA and BHB of cows in this study (p˂0.05).

The results showed that supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid in Holstein cattle during the transfusion period can increase the BCS of milking cows, their milk and protein production, and their lactose and total milk solids. Moreover, the conjugated linoleic acid enhanced some blood parameters that during the transition period.

Fertility is considered an important economic trait in cattle, yet despite its importance, reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle has decreased dramatically in the past decades and is of increasing concern to farmers and the dairy industry (Ghiasi et al. 2011; Pryce et al. 2010). The decline in the reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle has become a challenging problem worldwide. Genetic response for fertility traits is expected to be small due to low heritabilities as shown in many studies. In the past decades, more attention has been placed on milk production in selection programs worldwide, which has caused a decline in female fertility due to the antagonistic genetic relationship between milk production and fertility (Pryce et al. 2010; Toghiani 2012). Therefore, it is necessary to include fertility traits in the breeding programs for improving fertility or stopping its downward genetic trend (Penagaricano et al. 2012). It is well documented that bull fertility is influenced by genetic factors. Semen production traits, such as volume and sperm concentration, were found to have moderate heritabilities (from 0.15 to 0.30), whereas some of the semen quality traits, such as motility and percentage of abnormal sperm, had moderate to high heritabilities (close to 0.60) (Rezende et al. 2018). The objective of this study was to assess genetic parameters for fertility traits in Holstein dairy cows and sire conception rate (SCR) a new phenotypic evaluation of bull fertility.

In this study information's related to heifers and cows 1 to 3 parity, 1992 to 2018, by the National Animal Breeding center and promotion of Animal Products of Iran and sire conception rate (SCR) 2008 to 2018, a phenotypic evaluation of bull fertility, has been provided to dairy producers the Council of Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) were used. Traits included: sire conception rate (SCR), age at first service (AFS), age at first calving (AFC), days open (DO), calving interval (CI), gestation length (GL), Pregnancy rate (PR), Interval between first and last insemination (IFL), Days from calving to first service (DFS) and number of services per conception (NS). Edited data included the following: SCR between 7.6 % to -16 %, AFS between 320 and 900 days, AFC between 630 to 1350 days, CI between 300 and 700 days, IFL less than 290, GL between 260 and 290 days, DFS between 20 and 300 days, DO between 40 and 350 days, PR between -28 and 55 and NS between 1 and 10. Select the model equations and fixed effects were optimized using GLM procedure in SAS package. Subsequently, the multi-variate animal model analyses was carried out in order to estimate of direct additive genetic and phenotypic correlations between fertility traits. Estimation of genetic parameters using animal model in REML methodology was done by REMLF90 program.

Heritability estimates for all fertility traits were low, minimum heritability were estimated for IFL trait by heifers (0.002) and maximum amount for SCR trait (0.303). Heritability were estimated for other fertility traits 0.033, 0.005, 0.052, 0.048, 0.085, 0.108, 0.095, 0.059, 0.031, 0.025, 0.023, 0.017, 0.018, 0.013, 0.009, 0.013, 0.032, 0.028 and 0.018 for AFS, AFC, CI, OD, PR, GL_H, GL, DFS_1, DFS_2, DFS_3, IFL_1, IFL_2, IFL_3, IFL_123, NS_H, NS_1, NS_2 and NS_3, respectively. These estimates are in agreement with the results obtained by Ghiasi et al. (2011) and Rahbar et al. (2016) in Holstein cows. Heritability estimates obtained in this study were larger than the ones obtained by Toghiani Pozveh et al. (2009) for CI, DFS and DO in the previous study of Iranian Holsteins. The heritability estimates obtained for interval traits (DO, CI, and GL) were higher than those obtained for categorical (NS) or binary traits. However interval traits may be affected by management decisions such as the length of the voluntary waiting period or estrus synchronization applied in some farms (Ghiasi et al. 2011). In general, negative and moderate additive genetic and phenotypic correlations estimates were obtained between fertility traits. Estimated additive genetic correlations in the range of -0.56 (between GL and AFC) and 0.83 (between IFL and NS). However, estimated phenotypic correlations in the range of -0.80 (between PR and OD) and 0.85 (between GL and OD). The first one is formed by the traits that measure overall fertility of the cow (i.e. CI, OD and PR) which can be obtained directly from calving dates. In particular, OD and PR showed additive genetic (-0.39) and phenotypic (-0.80) correlation estimates which indicates that these two traits are genetically the same as expected because PR is a linear function of OD. The same results were found by VanRaden et al. (2004) and Ghiasi et al. (2011) in Holstein cattle. The mean breeding values were estimated -0.31 to 0.38, -4.14 to -3.34, -6.70 to -5.64, -0.0435 to -0.0064, -2.20 to -1.93, 9.16 to 10.73, 8.72 to 10.15, 3.29 to 4.21 and 4.34 to 5.84 for SCR, AFC, AFS, GL, PR, CI, OD, IFL DFS, respectively. However, the mean phenotypic values was positive, except SCR (range -0.62 to 0.66). These results were in agreement with reported Aghajari et al. (2015); Ansari-Lari et al. (2009) and Shirmoradi et al. (2010). Were estimated negative genetic trend for SCR (-2.22), AFS (-4.02 %), AFC (-2.66 %), GL (-0.07) and PR (-0.83) traits. Subsequently, for CI, DO, IFL and DFS traits, positive phenotypic trends were obtained. These estimated genetic and phenotypic trend agreed with other reports (Faraji-Arough et al. 2011; Rahbar et al. 2016).

Genetic parameters (heritabilities and genetic correlations) have been estimated for fertility traits in heifers and cows and fertility bulls. The results of this study indicated that breeding programs have paid little attention to reproductive traits in Iranian Holstein cows, and therefore it is recommended to pay more attention to these traits in order to improve the performance of Holstein cows. According to the results suggest that the genetic prediction of dairy bull fertility is feasible. This could have a positive effect on the dairy industry, for example, the early culling of bull calves with very low SCR predictions.

Iron is an essential trace element for all living organisms. It plays an important role in many metabolic processes and required for synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins. It is essential for cellular enzymes of oxidases, catalases, peroxidases, cytochromes, ribonucleotide reductases, aconitases, and nitric oxide synthases (Dallman 1982; Lieu et al. 2001). Unfortunately there are millions of people in the world who suffer from deficiency of essential trace element such as iron and zinc and according to World Health Organization (WHO) iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world and it has epidemic proportions (Lopez et al. 2002; Abbaspour et al. 2014). The iron (Fe) requirement of broiler chicks has been reported to range from 40 to 80 mg Fe/kg diet (Vahl London and Klooster, 1987; NRC, 1994). Vahl London and Klooster (1987) found that increasing level of dietary inorganic Fe from 0 to 180 mg/kg increased haematological indices such as Hb and TIBC in broilers. Also, Yang et al (2011) reported that inclusion of inorganic Fe into broilers diet had no effect on growth performance.

A total of 450 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were used as 3×3 factorial design with three levels of 0.0, 40 and 80 mg/kg supplemental Fe (FeSO4.7H2O) during total (T: 1-42 days of age), grower and finisher (GF: 11-42 days of age) and finisher (F: 25-42 days of age) periods. The basal diet included corn-soybean meal with 85.40, 83.72 and 84.37 mg Fe per kg diet in starter, grower and finisher feeding phases, respectively. On the 42 day of the study, final body weight, average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADWG) were recorded and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated for whole experimental period. Mortality rate was recorded daily and used to adjust the FCR. After slaughtering and removal of skin and feather, whole carcass, breast muscle, thigh muscle, and abdominal fat were excised and weighed individually. Yields were expressed as the percentage of live body weight. At 42 days of age, blood samples were obtained via wing vein of 5 birds in each treatment and collected into vials containing EDTA. The red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were determined by a hemocytometer method using Natt-Herrick solution; hematocrit (HCT/PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) values were measured by microhematocrit and cyanmethemoglobin methods respectively (Kececi et al., 1998). The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were computed according to Campbell (1995). Also, whole serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined by methods described by Fairbanks (1999) and Andrews (2010), respectively.

The results showed that supplementing basal diet with 80 mg/kg FeSO4 significantly (p < 0.001) decreased ADFI in broilers during T period. However, supplemental Fe from dietary groups at different periods had no significant effect on ADWG and FCR. Similar to present study, Mrkaljevic (2014) observed no effect of high levels of iron (140 to 240 mg/kg) on growth performance. It seems that high levels of dietary Fe rather than recommended level in NRC (1994) does not lead to significant effect on production performance, because iron intake can be limitedly absorb and the rest of iron intake will be finally excreted. Also, adding FeSO4 significantly (p < 0.05) increased the yield of thigh and breast muscle of birds at T and GF periods, respectively. Compared with birds fed the diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg of FeSO4, abdominal fat percentage of birds fed control diet and 40 mg/kg FeSO4 significantly influenced during the T period (p < 0.001). The control of lipid deposition in broilers aimed at efficient lean-meat poultry production is of current interest and any reduction in the amount of abdominal fat is considered to be positive by both producers and consumers (Hermier, 1997). It was reported that the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies such as iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C might be contributing to the development of obesity (Garcia et al. 2013), and these micronutrients decrease or inhibit the expression of leptin, in both humans and animal models (Garcia et al. 2013; Garcia-Diaz et al. 2010). Microcytic hypochromic anemia is the most important anemia in poultry. This type of anemia can be seen in iron deficiency when the MCV, MCH and MCHC are reduced (Weiss and Wardrop, 2010). Blood hematological indices such as Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, serum Fe concentration and TIBC was increased in chickens fed 40 and 80 mg Fe/kg compared to control diet (p < 0.01). Blood parameters are good indicators of physiological, pathological and nutritional status of an animal and changes in hematological parameters demonstrate the effect of dietary factors and additives in the diet of any living creature (Ganong, 1999). Increased hematological indices such as Hb and HCT, which are the main indicators in estimating iron requirements for broiler chickens, indicate the supply of iron requirements in broiler chickens and physiologically, they provide bird health (Ma et al. 2016). In the current study, the use of additive levels of iron sulfate supplementation from 0 to 80 mg/kg resulted in an increase in serum iron levels in broiler chicks. It was demonstrated that serum iron is typically decreased in iron deficiency and in inflammatory diseases (Weiss, 2010).

It was concluded that use of 40 and 80 mg/kg FeSO4 had no remarkable effect on performance, but can be improved hematological status of broiler chicks by elevating of Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, serum iron concentrations and reducing TIBC value.

Cooling storage is a common method for reduction of sperm metabolism to save sperm quality during in vitro storage. Different studies have attempted to optimize quality of stored rooster semen for periods more than 24 h, but the obtained reproductive efficiency was not satisfactory. Deleterious effects of chilling storage on the rooster sperm may cause a reduction in reproductive performance. It seems that improvement and enrichment of cooling storage methods are required in order to recover the highest quality of sperm before using in assisted reproductive technique (ART). But this process affects sperm function and quality by producing reactive oxygen species and reducing antioxidant activity. The plasma membrane of sperm contains high unsaturated fatty acids that are prone to peroxidative damage and this can reduce membrane integrity, decrease kinetic and sperm fertility for artificial insemination (Ahmadi and Zamiri 2007)..The targeted antioxidant MitoQ exerts its antioxidant defense by increasing ATP production and reducing ROS production. Experiments have clearly shown that MitoQ accumulated in mitochondria can be restored after oxidation by the electron chain and protect the cell against oxidative stress (Skulachev et al 2009). This antioxidant protects mitochondria from oxidative damage by protecting the mitochondrial membrane potential (Murphy and Smith, 2000). Effect of pentoxifylline on sperm function can be summarized in several categories: inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, increased conversion of ATP to cAMP, effect on intracellular calcium transport and elimination of free radicals, induced by spermatozoa, and decreased oxidative activity (Esteves et al 2007).

In this study, the effects of combined targeted and non-target antioxidant were used to reduce oxidative stress and improve rooster sperm quality.

This study was carried out in the poultry unit of Tabriz University research station. For this purpose, 15 adult Ross breeds aged 30 weeks were used. The roosters were housed in individual cages 70 × 70 × 85 cm under 15 h light and 9 h dark conditions with the same diet of 150 g (50.8% corn, 8.95% soybean, 20% wheat, Wheat bran 14%, dicalcium phosphate 0.74%, limestone 1.8%, salt 0.38%, lysine 0.08%, methionine 0.17% and vitamin and mineral supplements (0.5%) per day for each rooster and they had free access to water. Sperm collection was done by abdominal dorsal abdominal method. Sperm samples were transferred to the laboratory immediately after collection at 37 ° C. To eliminate individual differences and obtain sufficient sperm for analysis, in each replicate, the ejaculates of the 15 roosters were briefly inspected and ejaculates with ≥ 300 × 106 spermatozoa/mL, ≥ 90% normal morphology and ≥ 80% motility were then pooled. In this study, the combined antioxidant effects of targeted antioxidants of mitoQ and non-target pentoxifylline were evaluated in Lake Extender based on lecithin After diluting the samples and adding different levels of both antioxidants and cooling, the samples were stored in the refrigerator at 4 ° C for 48 hours and the samples were evaluated at 1, 24 and 48 hours. Motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity were evaluated at 1, 24 and 48 hours, and lipid peroxidation and percentage of sperms with normal morphology were evaluated at 48 hours.

Treatment 1 (0.1 nm mitoQ+ 0.5 µM Pentoxifylline) increased sperm viability in the control group one hour after cooling (p < 0.05). Treatment 1(0.1 nm mitoQ+ 0.5 µM Pentoxifylline), Treatment 4 (0.2 nm mitoQ+ 0.5 µM Pentoxifylline) and Treatment 5 (0.2 nm mitoQ+ 0.75 µM Pentoxifylline) increased the progressive motility compared to the control group at 24 h after cooling (p < 0.05). Treatments 4(0.2 nm mitoQ+ 0.5 µM Pentoxifylline) and 4 (0.2 nm mitoQ+ 0.5 µM Pentoxifylline) increased this parameter 48 h after cooling (p < 0.05). Treatment 4 (0.2 nm mitoQ+ 0.5 µM Pentoxifylline) and Treatment 5 (0.2 nm mitoQ+ 0.75 µM Pentoxifylline) significantly reduced malondialdehyde concentration at 48 h after cooling. Treatment 5 (0.2 nm mitoQ+ 0.75 µM Pentoxifylline) significantly increased viability and sperm with intact membrane integrity compared to control group (p < 0.05). All treatments except for treatment 2(0.1 nm mitoQ+ 0.75 µM Pentoxifylline) showed less unhealthy sperm compared to the control group (p < 0.05).To improve artificial insemination in the poultry industry, improving short-term sperm storage methods is critical for maintaining fertility for 6 to 24 hours under field conditions (Zhandi and sharafi 2016). One of the reasons for reduced fertility of frozen sperm in addition to cold shock is the occurrence of oxidative stress (Łukaszewicz et al 2008). The plasma membrane of sperm contains high unsaturated fatty acids that are prone to peroxidative damage and this can reduce membrane integrity, decrease kinetic and sperm fertility for artificial insemination (Fang et al. 2014). Despite many advances in the field of sperm cryopreservation, this process has the potential to affect yield and function due to the introduction of mechanical and chemical damages (Wang et al., 1991), production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and reduced antioxidant activity (Ahmadi and Zamiri 2007). The freezing process causes significant damage to the sperm, causing the release of several compounds, including cAMP, causing the sperm to lose motility and thereby reduce their fertility (Chaudhry et al., 1975). Due to the positive effect of targeted and non-targeted antioxidants on improving sperm motility parameters, this study was the first to use a combination of these antioxidants in freezing semen.

The results of this study showed that the addition of treatment 5(0.2 nm mitoQ+ 0.75 µM Pentoxifylline) to the semen sample had the best performance during 48 h of cooling. 

In recent years, price volatility of chicken and beef, along with volatility in livestock inputs have become one of the main problems of the livestock and poultry industries in Iran. Price volatility which in fact is the fluctuations of the price variances (logarithm of price changes), increasing production risk, investment insecurity, and predicting a decline in producer profits, also endangers consumer spending behaviors and food security. This is the fact especially in countries that do not have effective price policies. One of the important issues in the production of animal and poultry protein products is the supply of needed inputs, which imports a significant portion of the country's consumer demand for livestock and poultry inputs such as corn, barley and soybean meal. According to the Customs Statistics of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2017, imports of corn, barley and soybean meal were 7283, 2563 and 1269 thousand tons, respectively. Therefore, due to the dependence of domestic production of these products on imported inputs, price fluctuations of these inputs can also lead to price fluctuations in protein products. Therefore, evaluating the volatility and price fluctuations of protein products and the inputs needed and solutions to counter the negative effects of these fluctuations is one of the policy makers' goals in this regard. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and analyze the price volatility of chicken and beef and their inputs including corn, barley and soybean meal. By identifying price volatility behavior, we can reduce this volatility by using appropriate policy tools.

For this purpose, we used ARCH family techniques (both the linear and non-linear models) and monthly time series data from 2002 to 2017. To this end, the ARCH test is first used to investigate the effects of ARCH (heterogeneity variance) on the series of returns on the prices of the goods under investigation, and if these effects are confirmed, these effects are linear or nonlinear with the Engel & Neg (1993) nonlinear test. Finally, linear and nonlinear GARCH models are used to analyze price volatility. For the studied series, nine patterns of GARCH, EGARCH, GJR-GARCH, TGARCH, SAGARCH, PGARCH, NGARCH, APGARCH and NPGARCH were estimated.

Statistics analysis on the probability distribution characteristics of the price return series of show that the distribution normality for the series studied with the exception of corn and chicken has been rejected and only the two aforementioned series have normal distribution. Based on the results presented, all series except for chicken have positive Skewness . This indicates that the probability density on the left is greater for the distribution of maize, soybean meal, barley and beef. This means that the negative returns in these series are likely. The kurtosis, except for corn and chicken, which is approximately equal to the kurtosis value of the normal distribution, is greater in the other series than the normal elasticity. This means that the average monthly fluctuations in corn and chicken prices are less likely to occur than barley, soybean meal, and beef. Due to the time series nature of the data used in this study, the existence of a single root in the yield series of inputs and outputs was tested. The existence of a single root for the series of returns on the prices of the inputs and products under study is rejected, in other words, the series are at static or I (0) levels. Therefore, ARCH models can be used to model the price returns of these products and inputs. Findings show that non-linear ARCH effect confirmed for all commodities except corn. According to results, the EGARCH model is the best model for barley and soybean meal price series volatility modeling and SAGARCH model is the best model to survey volatility in price series of chicken and beef. Moreover, volatility in the prices of above mentioned goods has an asymmetric response to positive and negative shocks. The volatility in the prices of these commodities also has an asymmetric reaction to positive and negative price shocks, so that the effect of positive shocks on price volatility is greater than the effect of negative shocks. Estimated patterns show a high degree of shocks stability, low price adjustment rates, and price volatility of corn, soybean meal, and beef. However, due to the high rate of price adjustment in the barley and chicken market, the shocks are not sufficiently stable. Although various policies have been implemented by the government to manage the market of inputs and products under study, the price volatility in the market for these items is noticeable and significant, according to the results. In other words, the management of market volatility and price fluctuations was not desirable despite the use of various policy tools. Given that the effect of positive and negative shocks on price volatility of inputs and products excluding corn is asymmetric, therefore, it is recommended that policy makers plan the market for these commodities based on the type of shocks ( (Positive or negative) and their sustainability, and pave the way for reducing price volatility in the commodity market. Therefore, it is suggested that policies implemented to reduce the price volatility of these commodities be reviewed and alternative policy packages in this area be designed and implemented. Since these input as a major input in the broiler industry of the country shows high volatility and volatility in this market may be transmitted to the market of products of this industry, such as chicken and also a major part of imported inputs. Imports will have a significant impact on the price of these products, so it is recommended that in the short term a sufficient amount of this input be bought and stored so that both the input market and the poultry market are more stable and in the long run the government better With appropriate supportive policies to reduce inappropriate and unmanaged dependence on imports and production Move it.

Considering the breeding calves are one of the most important management programs in dairy farms and are the main farm profit, proper nutrition is important for their well-being. Calves do not eat enough solid feed in the first few weeks of life due to the lack of complete rumen development. Therefore, milk or milk replacer in this period is the most important source of energy and protein and other essential nutrients for the growth and health of calves. However, milk is a poor source of some minerals and vitamins for suckling calves.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of vitamin-mineral supplementation in milk on performances of Holstein suckling calves.

At day of birth, thirty Holstein suckling calves were randomly assigned to three treatments with 10 calves in each group from three to 60 days of age. The experiment was performed at four periods. Treatments were: (1) CON (no additives), (2) LMV (addition of 15 grams of mineral-vitamin supplement per liter of milk), (3) HMV (addition of 25 grams of mineral-vitamin supplement per liter of milk). Whole milk was fed to calves in two meals at 09:00 and 17:00. For all treatments, the same starter (20% protein and 3.3 Mcal/kg metabolizable energy) was fed to calves. Calves had free access to starter and water from the beginning of the experiment. Data were analyzed by mixed procedures of SAS (9.1) software.

Treatments had no effect on body weight changes and daily weight gain of calves (P>0.05). Calves in HMV treatment consumed less starter than CON calves, but showed better feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). Also, starter intake time was higher in the CON group than LMV and HMV calves (P<0.05). Dry matter digestibility increased (P<0.05) in LMV and HMV groups as compared with CON group. Blood metabolite analysis showed that total protein concentration was significantly higher in CON when compared with HMV (P<0.05).

Improvement in the nutrients digestibility and feed conversion ratio of calves in LMV and HMV treatments resulted in lower starter intake, but the same final weight and daily weight gain of the suckling calves.