نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 60 (دی 1399)

The importance of the aviation industry can be a pretext for abusing governments through the use of force against their national aircraft. The principle of non-use of force has been considered in aviation law in domestic and international references. Examples include the Penal Code for Disruption of Aircraft Flight Safety and Article (3) of the Chicago Convention. The use of force or the use of weapons against civilian aircraft is criminalized and prohibited in these references. In 1988, Iran Air 655 passenger flight was hit by two missiles fired from an American guided missile cruiser. In the aftermath of this incident, the American legal position was legitimate defense as an inherent right. According to the references, the US attack on the passenger plane in the declared airspace in Iran was a violation of the legal rule of non-use of force. Furthermore, according to Article 51 of the UN Charter, due to the absence of an armed attack by the Iranian aircraft, the US government's claim of legitimate defense is deemed as an escape from international responsibility and lacks any legal or international legitimacy. Thus, the study of the principle of non-use of force in aviation law and its violating factors in domestic and international references is of great importance, because repeated disruptive acts - in the form of the use of force - against aviation security will cause enormous damage to the Civil Aviation Authority, its passengers, goods and cargoes, and this could be a clear violation of international aviation law and the basic rules of civil aviation security. In this paper, data are collected through the library method and analyzed using a case study.

The present study intends to investigate the scientific and technological collaborations in Eurasian Union. From this point of view, after expanding the conceptual framework of this subject and declare the problematic aspect of it, we investigate the importance of the scientific and technological collaborations. According to the thematic documents that are being presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection in this research is the library method. Findings of this study indicate that at first, scientific and technological collaborations contrary to the economic and commercial collaborations aren’t based on personal interests and mostly consider the national interests. The result of this issue is that the scientific and technological collaborations are being considered in the relationships between countries which are based on win-win situation. Secondly, weakness and shortage of modern science and technology and also the shortage of professional workforce in the area of Eurasia lead the region to be receptive toward a specific type of diplomacy under the framework of scientific and technological diplomacy.

General Comments are a set of theories developed by the United Nations treaty bodies that are responsible for overseeing the implementation of human rights treaties. General Comments developed by human rights bodies have not yet gained their proper credibility and place in international law, but these theories can be a new model for reforming the performance of governments, creating international custom, developing human rights and enforcing countries. The present study uses descriptive-analytical method and library resources, and its findings show that the validity of General Comments of human rights bodies varies according to the importance of each body as well as the support of international and regional human rights organizations for their interpretations, and is to some extent influenced by international political issues. In addition, the degree of adherence of countries to General Comments is low, and is influenced by international and domestic political pressures as well as the power of countries in international interactions. However, given that the General Comments of treaty bodies are the most authoritative interpreters of human rights treaties, and despite the non-binding nature of interpretive theories, governments cannot disregard these interpretations. The use of current General Comments can lead to the reform of the behavior of countries in the world, because it is often impossible to oblige the countries to implement human rights rules, and the use of General Comments can encourage countries to adhere to human rights rules.

The main role and purpose of criminal policy in a society is to effectively control crime and curb criminal phenomena. The purpose of economic policy in the field of economics is to fight corruption and economic crime. Governments are always trying to seem economically efficient by making policies and implementing various programs, because economic tranquility and stability is considered as the most important and fundamental component of security. Corruption in the economic system is a crime that has been considered by Iran's legislative policy for many years, but the legislator's haste in drafting related laws has led to the lack of a coherent and decisive criminal policy in this regard. On the other hand, Iran's legislative policy, which is mainly based on the intimidation-, retribution-, penalty- and repression-oriented character of punishments, and sometimes on correction and rehabilitation, cannot be considered as a criminal policy to curb the specific criminal phenomenon of corruption in the economic system. Basically, criminal policy cannot be limited only to punitive responses to crime and in the form of criminal law and criminal procedure, but a deterrent and preventive approach plays a major role in explaining criminal policy. In particular, macroeconomic crimes are crimes committed by criminals with complex methods and tactics, and sometimes by using their power and influence in the government, which in this sense makes the recognition and application of preventive measures by the legislator more effective than repressive measures. However, success in prevention depends on the participation of all civil society actors.

The purpose of this article is to get acquainted with the causes and factors of turning away from the revolutions from the perspective of Imam Khomeini and the Supreme Leader (Ayatollah Khamenei) and to know its examples and to think about solutions and methods of enlightenment in this regard in order to provide a logical and practical solution to this phenomenon with sufficient knowledge. This article examines this issue using the documentary and library review method as well as current day resources, including lectures and television programs. The findings showed that in the case of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the conditions are the same as the above-mentioned historical conditions. Studies have shown that some revolutionaries have deviated from the main path of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and took another path due to their weakness of intellectual and moral foundations, i.e. lack of Islamic and revolutionary intellectual basis, and their superficiality, intellectual eclecticism, weakness of faith, aristocracy, ambition and lack of unity or due to weakness in political, economic, social issues and also lack of understanding of Islamic governance and revolution.

The purpose of this article is to examine the status of violence against women and the recognition and position of the police in combating this phenomenon, from legal regulations to practical procedures in Iranian and Canadian law. Violence against women is not specific to a specific geographical area or a certain level of economy and welfare and can be examined in all societies and all social strata. However, the prevalence, type, severity and consequences and factors contributing to this phenomenon are different. It seems that it is necessary to take measures to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon in society, and in most countries, some organizations and social and legal institutions have legal authority and permission for taking required measures. Police is among the most effective forces in preventing this phenomenon and the position of the police in combating violence against women and such social anomalies is decisive and strategic. The issue of violence against women is so pervasive and borderless that has made international bodies such as the United Nations and human rights organizations to respond to it. The role of the police in preventing this phenomenon is difficult, but the prevalence and spread of the violence against women can be prevented by specializing the police and hiring women police. In Canada, according to transparent statistics, the police play an effective role in violence against women.

Arabic and Dari Persian grammars have their own uses and characteristics. Syntax has special applications among Arabic and Dari Persian languages and has its own characteristics. Syntax is an old term that is closely related to the grammatical rules of language from the beginning of speaking and writing, which can also be understood in prose and poetry. Whenever Arabic and Persian words or sentences are viewed from a grammatical point of view, their evaluation is made by the morphology and syntax. Questioning is a style that plays a role in combining sentences from a grammatical point of view in Arabic, and is also widely used. Questioning has applications in both Arabic and Dari Persian, which causes words to play a role in various grammatical situations. This is what makes the words beautiful. There are similarities and differences in the use of questioning in Arabic and Dari Persian grammars. Since different sciences of morphology, syntax, and rhetoric are considered and have a wide application in Arabic grammar, we decided to study the types of questioning and its application in both Arabic and Dari Persian. In this article, the library method has been used.