فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 49 (پاییز 1399)

Social media is increasingly being used for communicating, learning, collaborating, and for some people has become a potential problematic and addictive habit. Therefore, identifying the causes of people's tendency to network is essential. The study is to identify the causes of youth tendency to virtual social networks and is a qualitative study with interpretive phenomenology. The population were the girls and boys from social networks in Zanjan city. The sample reviewed 15 people of the research community were selected with based purposeful sampling method and snowball technique and was done with them semi-stracture interview. Qualitative data were collected, recorded, coded and categorized. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi method. The analysis of participants' experiences in interviews revealed 13 factors including attractiveness and novelty, loneliness, sensation seeking, suppressing personal problems, maintaining and continuity intimate relationships, facilitating interpersonal relationships, self-expression, entertainment and spending time, training and learning, Information and information seeking, electronic commerce, conformity, frugality youth tendency to virtual social networks have been effective. Based on the results, it is suggested that girls and boys who are addicted to virtual social networks be psychologically evaluated and their problems such as loneliness and suppression be treated, and sensation seeking be moderate in other ways. In addition, the causes of positive youth tendency such as maintaining and continuity intimate relationships, facilitating interpersonal relationships, teaching and learning, information and information acquisition, electronic commerce and conformity by families and social institutions are addressed and reinforced.

Rumors have always been around in all societies and reflect the society’s anxieties, beliefs and thoughts. With the advent of information and communications technology (ICT) and its popularity, the spread of words and also rumors has become easier than ever. The youth as an important part of user of these applications, are exposed to receiving and spreading them. The study is to explore the reasons behind passing or not passing rumors by youth on all Iranian and international messaging Apps. In another words, it aims to investigate why internet users instantly share and pass a message although they know it is not valid, trustworthy or well-grounded. The study is a qualitative research and the statistical population is based on all different kinds of mobile phone messaging application users. 22 young people were chosen as samples (subjects) for the semi-structured interview with snowball sampling method. Analyzing the research results revealed that they share rumors as a way to asset their existence and draw attention to themselves. They have an instrumental use of rumor to open the dialogue. Also, they pass or post a message to communicate and feel connected and valuable and helpful. These are the main reasons which encourage them to spread rumors on messaging apps on mobile phones. Therefore, the youth use IM to meet their needs in the social context. Increasing critical thinking and developing media literacy through workshops for young people and supporting NGO's projects can be an effective way to cease the spreading rumors.

The study is to develop a causal model for high-risk behaviors based on social capital and responsibility with the mediating role of moral identity among students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. This is a descriptive-correlational study in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. The statistical population was all students studying medicine in Kermanshah (2000 in total) in the academic year 2019-2020. Using the Morgan table and sampling method, a sample of 322 people were selected. The High-Risk Behavior Questionnaire (Risk Behavior Scale (YRBSS), Nahapit & Gushal Social Capital Questionnaire (1998), California Accountability Questionnaire (1987) and Ako Bino and Reed Ethical Identity Questionnaire (2002) were used to collect the data. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics indicators (frequency, mean, standard deviation and graphs) and inferential statistics were used. In order to determine the reliability of the research tool, Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, skewness and elongation indices, and path analysis was used to examine the relationships between variables. SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to perform these tests. The results showed that moral identity, social capital and responsibility have a significant effect on risky behaviors of students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Ethical identity also is of a minor mediating role in relationship between social capital and high-risk behaviors, as well as moral identity in relationship between responsibility and high-risk behaviors.

Social disorders are one of the most complex issues and phenomena of human history. Alcohol consumption can also be referred as one of these anomalies. According to the country 's young demographic structure and increasing consumption rates in the last few years and the fall of consumers ' age, it is as one of the major issues in iran. The study investigates the lived experience of alcohol consumption among youth of kerman city though Grand theoretical research method. The sample was 21 people who were selected using purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation criteria and the depth interviews were conducted with them. The research findings showed that the youth lived experience of alcohol consumption are in the three categories of stimulus or generator events. The core category was extracted from data coding as the habit of consuming alcohol. This concept shows both personal behavior and a kind of social atmosphere which can be seen in a set of traditions, values and institutions.

The study is to develop a qualitative sports development model for all in Iran using Grounded Theory. According to the purpose, the present research was applied to all types of research in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection method, the method was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population was consisted of all professors and sports management specialists (60), heads of federations (52), sport and youth managers of provinces (31) and experts of the Ministry of Sports and Youth (200) persons (N = 343). In the qualitative section, two methods of theoretical sampling and snowball were used, and in a quantitative sampling section, a non-randomized stratified sampling was used. The research tool in the qualitative section includes interviews using the theory of data from the theory (grounded theory) and in the quantitative part of the research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. In order to analyze the data in the inferential statistics section, first in the comparative part of the study, the method of content analysis was used based on the Grithon and Gonz (2004) protocol and then in a small section one-sample t-test with SPSS version 23 software used. Finally, based on the findings of the research questions and relying on fundamental theorizing, the quality model of general sport development in Iran was drafted. In the model, it has been determined that a series of causal conditions are needed to promote the development of public sport, which is seen as strengthening the legal and legal environment for public sport. However, by creating these causal conditions, strategies must be developed to allow for national planning and monitoring in basic sports, women's sports and sports of different classes of society, where a number of underlying and intervening factors can address, affect and modify these strategies. However, after formulating strategies and national monitoring of their correct implementation, one could hope for the development of public sport in the country and ultimately, its consequences including improving the physical, psychological and social health of the community. Since the staff of the organization and various departments of the country ae of a key role in the country's comprehensive development, it is expected that the efficiency of this stratum will be promoted and consequently, a comprehensive development will occur in the country.

The study is to assess the performance of the provinces in the field of athletics of the disabled. The present study is an analytical-descriptive type with a practical purpose. The society and the statistical sample are equal and include the sports teams of veterans and disabled in 31 provinces of the country. After categorizing and describing the data, descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, multivariate regression and data envelopment analysis were used.  The results showed that the population with disabilities (t = 3/26, p <0/003) and GDP (t = 3/42, p <0/002) can be considered as predictors of the performance of the sports championship of the disabled. Also, from 31 provinces of the country, 8 provinces are among the effective provinces and 23 provinces are among the inefficient provinces. Due to the inability of the provinces of the country to medal earn at the national and international levels, the need for special attention to the increase of GDP and resources and facilities of the provinces and encouraging people with disabilities to participate in sports is very important.

The organizational creativity of utilizing mental abilities to create a new thought or concept and to develop effective views on today's conditions, the changes in the peripheral environment and the instability of environmental conditions have caused large organizations not to develop the speed of creativity in themselves. Therefore, this research examines the model of communication skills, cultural intelligence and organizational intelligence with the organizational creativity of the staff of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. This study is of correlation researches. The statistical population was all employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth (898 people) in 2017. Using a Morgan table, 269 individuals were randomly selected as samples. The instrument for data collection was Albrecht's Standard Inventory of Intelligence (2003), Aegon (2007), Barton Geam (1990) and Randsip's Personnel Creativity Questionnaires (1979). The collected data were analyzed using statistical analysis of structural equation model with Amos and SPSS software. 
The results showed that organizational and cultural intelligence has a positive and direct effect on the organizational creativity of the employees. In this research, the role of mediator of communication skills was also confirmed in the impact of organizational and cultural intelligence on creativity.
Based on the results, the organizational and cultural intelligence processes of employees, by influencing their communication skills, will bring organizational creativity to the Ministry of Sports and Youth, and it is suggested that the managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth use a systematic and clever approach in most skill classes to increase employee creativity.

Desired dreaming is one of the needs of today's managers and organizations to develop creativity and entrepreneurship in organizations as well as to enhance the dynamics of organizations. This issue has led to the present study with the aim of designing a model of desirable dreaming factors for managers of sport organizations. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population included the elite in the field of sport management in the qualitative section. The statistical population of the quantitative research section was all 90 sport managers aware of the research subject and all of them were identified as the sample by the method of sampling. The research tools were a researcher-made questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated according to experts' opinion and factor analysis method. The reliability of the questionnaire was also assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0/83). In the quantitative analysis part of the research, the structural-equation method with the pls approach is used.  The results showed that eight factors were identified in desirable dreaming: appropriate targeting, visualization power, emotion control, environmental recognition, mastery of laws, values ​​and standards, operationalization of goals, recognition of new opportunities and management capability. Also, visual power with an impact rate of 0/970 is the most important predictor of desirable dreaming.  According to the results, it is suggested that by increasing the awareness of managers of sport organizations about the future of sport in the world, they will be able to dream their goal by coordinating sport organizations with these changes.

The study is to compare the motivations of the fans in Tabriz Municipality and Urmia Municipality volleyball clubs. The research method is descriptive comparative and the information was gathered by field method. The research population for each team separately included 384 cases and the total number of 700 which were randomly selected. The measuring instrument was a questionnaire (Nazari, 1391) which the face and content validity were confirmed by experts and its reliability through Cronbach’s alpha test was %86. To analyze the data, U Mann-Whitney, U test and Friedman test were used. The results showed that there is a significant difference in fans support incentives of the two teams as the incentives of Urmia’s team was more than of Tabriz. Besides, there is a significant difference in support incentives (Collective pride, team affiliation, depending on the player, depending on the sport, lawyers, aesthetic and ethnic identity) of the two teams as the collective pride and ethnic identity of fans of Tabriz Municipality was more than that of Urmia Municipality, but in other factors Urmia was higher. Support incentives of Tabriz fans from high to low are: Collective pride, ethnic identity, aesthetic, depending on the sport, lawyers, depending on the player and depending on the sport. Support incentives of Urmia fans from high to low are: lawyers, depending on the sport, aesthetic, depending on the player, team affiliation, Collective pride and ethnic identity.

The study is to identify the anomalies factors in Iranian soccer stadiums. It was an applied study in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting data, was using mixed method (quantitative and content analysis of qualitative method). The statistical population in qualitative section included 17 experts in fans and abnormal behaviors in soccer (sport managers, faculty members, dean of fans club, fans and media men) that were selected by snowball sampling. Fussy Delphi Method (FDM) extracted 45 items, distributed among 30 fans at Azadi stadium. The reliability coefficient of the initial questionnaire was 0/783. Regarding the Cochran formula for unlimited population, 250 questionnaires in Ahwaz Ghadir, Rasht Azodi, Tehran Azadi, Jam Takhty and Tabriz Imam accounted for inflammatory stadiums in the sixth week of the Iranian Soccer Premier League, which ultimately 221 questionnaires were used. Finally, the data analyzed by SPSS v.22 and LISREL v. 8.8 soft wares. The results showed the most important factors are: the ultras (0/67), the conditions of the stadiums (0/60), cultural conditions (0/44), security conditions (0/37) and management status (0/20), according to the coefficients of influence.  In sum, it seems the ultras as the most provoking factor of fans chaos needs to educate well to manage the stadium platforms. Beside it is necessary to employ qualified persons for these positions.

The study is to investigate the role of destination familiarity in the branding of Iran as a sport tourism destination. The statistical population was consisted of all foreign tourists traveling to Iran. 360 people using convenience sampling method participated in the study as the statistical sample. The data gathering instruments were destination familiarity (Liu et al., 2018), destination brand image (Andersen et al., 2018) and behavioral intention (Wu et al., 2018) questionnaires and data analysis was structural based on equation modeling. The validity (content, convergent and divergent) and reliability (load factor, composite reliability coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient) of the questionnaires indicated that they were of good reliability and validity. The results showed that destination familiarity can significantly affect the brand image of the destination with the path coefficient of 0/83, and the image of the sports tourism destination can subsequently affect the behavioral intention of the sports tourists with the path coefficient of 0/68. Also, destination familiarity can directly affect behavioral intention of the sports tourists with the path coefficient of 0/63. In other words, by enhancing the familiarity, destination image and tourists’ behavioral intentions will affect positively. Totally, these findings indicate the role of destination familiarity in the branding of Iran as a sports tourism destination.  Based on the findings, it can be suggested that if Iran's sport tourism destinations seek to increase their share of the global sports tourism market, then they should pay special attention to the role of familiarity in branding Iran as a sports tourism destination.

The study is to design the maturity model for managing business processes in sporting manufacturing companies. The research is practical and descriptive correlational one. The statistical population consisted of all directors and experts of sports production companies and university professors with specialization in sport business management in which statistical samples were selected purposeful and available. For gathering data, a research-made questionnaire was used which the content validity was confirmed by 13 experts. Also, its reliability was calculated by Cronbach’ s alpha (0/964) and composite reliability. To analyze the data and investigating model fitting, structural equation modeling and PLS and SPSS24 software were used. The results showed that the market ecosystem was of a direct, positive and significant effect on the system of the company (0/783), process chain (0/333) and process performance (0/123). The operating system of the company also had a direct, positive and significant effect on the process chain (0/481) and process management (0/129) but had no significant effect on the performance of the processes (0/082). Also, the process chain factor had a direct, positive and significant effect on process performance (0/709), process management (0/508), and maturity of process management (0/393). The effect of variable of process performance on process management (0/199) and maturity of process management (0/671) were direct, positive and significant. Finally, the effect of variable process management on process management maturity (0/070) was not meaningful. It seems that sports production companies should recognize their position on the market on the basis of determining their maturity status and precisely identify obstacles and development strategies in order to implement the necessary changes and adjustments, and the resources needed to reach the next stages to provide.

The research is to explain and analyze the infrastructural policies determining the effective development of Iran's racket federations at the championship level. In this study, a conceptual framework was proposed that could be used to compare the sports policies of the championship of the racket federations. The statistical society consisted of bosses and vice chairman, secretary, heads of provincial departments and specialized committees of four racket federations of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on the sampling formula, the sample size of the study were 134 people. The method used was targeted sampling. The questionnaire was formal and informative. The results of factor analysis for this index were extracted at %850. The statistical methods used in this research were Friedman Rank Test for ranking and tied paired T- test and Path Analysis Technique. The exploratory factor analysis method was used. In a second phase, correlations between the exploratory and theoretical factors were calculated. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the priorities of indicators of performance evaluation of racket federations, and there is a significant difference between the status quo and the desirable situation of the performance evaluation indicators of the racket sports federations. There is a significant difference between the status quo and the optimal situation of the infrastructure indicator for assessing the performance of racket federations (badminton, table tennis, ping pong, tennis, squash). (p <0/05). Also, there is a difference between the average rankings of racket federations (badminton, table tennis, tennis, squash) under the sport racket federations p <0/05. Considering the factors explained, especially the elite sport and the process of talent identification process, can stabilize the status quo, as well as help the progress of Iran's racket federations. Also, the contributing factors can be used as a plan and roadmap by other sports federations for the fastest possible progress.

The development of sport-based tourism in each region boosts tourism and consequently, promotes economic, social and cultural development. In this paper, firstly, the factors affecting the development of sport tourism in Lorestan province with emphasis on sport's natural attractions are identified. In the next stage, these factors are prioritized for the steps necessary to successfully implement the strategies. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The research sample is a total of 120 people. To achieve the research goals, a researcher-made questionnaire on sports tourism development factors (with emphasis on physical attractions) was used. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by 15 faculty members and its reliability was calculated in a preliminary study with 30 subjects with Cronbach's alpha of 0/75. Also, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data using spss software (version 21). The results showed that climbing and caving attractions with an average rating 3/55, water sports and seasonal attractions with an average rating 3/36, and hunting and hunting and nature trap attractions with the average rating 2/87 are of the highest importance in the development of sports tourism in Lorestan province.  According to the results, it is hoped that investing in the infrastructure sector for sport tourism attractions such as climbing and caving, water sports and seasonal sports in Lorestan province will be considered by managers in the tourism sector.

The position of women in sports, even in terms of equality of other conditions, was lower than of men. The study is to explain the relationship between sport participation and social anomia, violence and conflict, theft, cheating and rebellion in female badminton, ping pong, squash and tennis athletes. After initial coordination for monitoring rocket sports and determining the statistical society of female athletes in each discipline that has valid sports insurance and at least three sessions in a week participate in their training, were included in the official statistics of each federation they were selected as the statistical community. In this research, using the obtained data analysis and applying the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, of mixed research method was used. For descriptive statistics, variables were extracted using questionnaire specific questions and using the Likert scale scoring. The reliability index based on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0/799. So, the index was close to one. The first to fifth factors have values higher than 1, and were 19/006, 17/901, 13/483, 12/993, and 16/868 percent, respectively. Totally, 84/126 percent of the variance was explained. As much attention is paid to the incentive for sports participation, Vandalist mood diminishes and decreased. The research hypothesis was based on the non-relation between "sport perticipation and anomia". The severity of the relationship between these two variables (0/402) was evaluated at the lower and the negative levels. The correlation curve between the two variables confirmed the result. It is suggested in future studies, the impact of each of the factors obtained in this study is separately examined. The barriers and challenges ahead correspond to major national prevention programs. Abnormal behaviors should also be considered.

The study is to examine the relationship between the self-efficacy and imagery ability with the performance of elite table tennis players.  The statistical population included 57 elite table tennis players under the age of 21 years who managed to attend the national final tournament of single player to determine the rank of players from 1 to 32. Thirty-two of these players were randomly selected through the accessible sampling method. The research method was a descriptive-correlational one by which Bandura Personal Self-Efficacy (2009) (PSE) (α = 0/87(questionnaire was used as the tool for measuring data. Gold and Weisberg questionnaire was employed to measure internal-external mental imagery ability (2010) (α = 0/8 (.  Data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistics as well as Spearman correlation coefficient to test the association between the self-efficacy and internal-external mental imagery ability and performance.   The results indicated that there was a significant association between the external mental-imagery ability and performance, but no such relationship between the internal mental-imagery ability and performance.  It was concluded that self-efficacy is a good predictor of performance in competition.