نشریه معماری و شهرسازی پایدار
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Human beings need sufficient satisfaction in order to carry out their daily affairs. Satisfaction levels vary and can include personal, social, psychological, and physical factors. In recent years the role of thermal comfort has been highlighted due to the issue of climate change, global warming and the effects of heat island. So thermal comfort has been the basis of a lot of research in different countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of past experience (consist of short-term and long-term background) on thermal comfort perception and choosing appropriate adaptation behavior. Field studies conducted in office building in January 2019, for 4 days for gathering 108 questioners to help the authors to find the relationship between physiological factors and thermal respondence. The results show that short-term and long-term experiences can affect one's thermal responses, in particular, thermal preference. The authors try to show the weight of each factor based on statistical analysis such as correlation and logistic regression.Human beings need sufficient satisfaction in order to carry out their daily affairs. Satisfaction levels vary and can include personal, social, psychological, and physical factors. In recent years the role of thermal comfort has been highlighted due to the issue of climate change, global warming and the effects of heat island. So thermal comfort has been the basis of a lot of researches in different countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of past experience (consist of short-term and long-term background) on thermal comfort perception and choosing appropriate adaptation behavior. Field studies conducting in office building in January 2019, for 4 days, and gathering 108 questioners help the authors to find the relationship between physiological factors and thermal respondence. The results show that short-term and long-term experiences can affect one's thermal responses, in particular, thermal preference. The authors try to show the weight of each factor based on statistical analysis such as correlation and logistic regression

Environmental impact assessment is useful to have a sustainable building. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the best way to measure and assess carbon emissions and a destructive environmental effect of building materials. This article aims to answer the question of whether significant differences in the environmental effect of the use of steel or concrete structure building in Tehran. There is the life cycle of a building in construction phase, once with a steel frame and the other with a concrete structure. The results show that steel buildings based on 4 GPP, ARP, EU, OPD, have less environmental emissions than concrete buildings. Whereas in terms of initial energy use and coefficient of low ozone, the concrete building showed better results. The results of simulation and software analysis showed carbon emissions and environmental impact of concrete buildings compared to steel buildings throughout the life of the building. This study showed that steel frame in Tehran has a better environment effect than steel.

Sustainable development initially focused on environmental concerns in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the late 1990s, economic issues were added to its dimensions. The social dimension, the last pillar of sustainable development, is later elaborated and considered as an integral part of sustainability. The purpose of this study is to find out the components of social sustainability in housing from the literature review of studies that were done previously on this subject. According to a systematic review of studies, 129 resources related to social sustainability were found. In the first stage, the research questions were formulated. Accordingly, the main research question is: “which components are effective in promoting social sustainability?” The second stage is to determine the ways to answer them. The data were collected from databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran. The available databases were searched for research studies addressing the main keywords and phrases. Based on the results of coding in content analysis, the five components were identified according to their importance: (1) "social security" (2) "social participation" (3) "social capital / social interactions" (4) "social justice" (5) "access to public services and public transport" and "Health services/health facilities". The last two factors have the same value. Finally, a conceptual framework is suggested for the classification of the components. The audit includes five general categories such as "economic dimension", "environmental dimension", "functional and social infrastructure", "social and cultural life", and "physical desirability".

The rapid growth of tall buildings in recent years has doubled the need to pay attention to the effects of this type of building on the city and its citizens. Psychological effects imposed by tall buildings and psychological pressure, are among the most important consequences of these buildings that have been less considered in previous studies. In the present study, the pressure coming from Physical-plant changes of scape of complex tall buildings on citizens were investigated: In general, in comparison with the effect of physical and vegetation changes in the landscape of a tall building set in passages, the effect of the physical variable of spacing (so that the tall buildings of a passage are not facing each other) was very significant. Both base and middle buildings vegetation, setbacks in combination with base and setback vegetation, base vegetation of buildings and middle vegetation of buildings ranked next in importance in terms of pressure reduction.

Studies in the field of the relationship between landscape and human's innate attraction to natural environments, make humans feel relaxed and consequently leads to mental and physical health. Healing landscape provides environments with reducing tension and returning to mental health. Due to the historical presence of Persian gardens all over the country and urban parks in recent years, the need for research and investigation in this field, to get familiar with the qualities and potentials of these two spaces, seems essential. Therefore, in this study, through categorizing the function of healing factors as emotional effects, cognitive, behavioral, and social and design parameters into 3 parts: Functional, perceptual-semantic, and physical-visual, the evaluation of the effect of each factor in Persian garden and the urban park is taken into account. The purpose of this study is to investigate the parameters of the quality of the healing landscape, which leads to reducing stress and improvement of mental health, in two separate fields of Persian garden and urban park. The research methodology contains both quantitative and qualitative methods and data collection has done through a questionnaire, interview, and observation. This research has done in the urban context. The results of the study demonstrate that the function of healing parameters in the Persian garden and the urban park is different. The perceptual-semantic in Persian garden and functional parameters in the urban park had greater effectiveness in the improvement of the quality of the healing landscape. Moreover, cognitive and social indicators had different effects among males and females in Persian gardens and urban parks. Considering the results of the study and the positive and negative points of healing effects in garden and park, in terms of gender differences, the designed green spaces in the urban landscape can empower quality.

With the onset of modernism and the consequent growth of cities, as well as the destruction of historical textiles, more attention has been attracted to the subject matter of contextualism in the cities especially in the design of today's residential complexes, which are done smoothly regardless of texture and context. This study is conducted with the goal of improving the quality of residential complexes in Ardabil and aims to find out factors affecting the quality of urban residential complexes in the city. The study is performed using descriptive-analytic method using a questionnaire includes residents of eight residential complexes in Ardabil with different fields of 240 people selected by random-cluster sampling method. The results of the research show that natural context has the highest impact. On the other hand, individual factors, especially education, age and residence duration, have an impact on improving the quality of residential complexes in Ardabil. The highest mean of contextualism is related to the physical context, and the lowest average is related to the historical context. Therefore, in order to promote the quality of residential complexes, planners and architectural and urban designers need to pay attention to physical quality and contextual quality of the complexes, especially to the natural context and respect for nature and the environment.

Energy consumption can be controlled by architecture and design. Creating thermal comfort conditions is one of the sustainable ways in architecture and thermal optimizing the building with a green wall is one of these solutions. Kerman has been selected as a research area in this article and This city needs cooling and heating energy due to its climatic conditions. The main question of the research is which of the green wall solutions can have a better performance in reducing the internal temperature of a building in Kerman. In this paper, two methods of field and software simulations are used and information is collected and compared through temperature and humidity data loggers and data obtained from software. In the simulation section, three types including reference wall, indirect green wall and potted-wall were constructed in both field and software environments. The results of both test methods were compared. Among the three types of green walls, the potted green wall had optimal performance compared to the other two types of green walls due to decreasing temperature and increasing humidity significantly.

According to the formal definitions of perception of environment in architecture, various factors affect a person's perception of the environment, one of which is the cultural factors that are formed in cultural environments. Cultural practices provide a good environment for social interactions, so there is a need for more attention to cultural spaces. Individual and social contexts are also other factors affecting the perception of the environment, each of which has sub-components.A brief overview of the components of perception of the environment and then a description of the cultural space in the form of a case study. In this article, the study of the National Document Library of Fars Province located in Shiraz as a cultural monument has been especially considered. The research method in this article is a descriptive-analytical method and the data collection tool is a questionnaire, various dimensions affecting the perception of the environment are examined and analyzed. The results show that cultural factors, individual factors and social factors are effective in promoting the perception of the environment in cultural spaces and there is a significant relationship between them. Also, the factor of culture has the greatest impact on improving the perception of the environment, which in the library of national documents has led to an increase in the perception of the environment and the visual communication of the audience. Finally a conceptual model derived from the data is the effect of components on the perception of the environment in cultural spaces.

This study investigates the effect of facades on the changes in thermal comfort level in open urban spaces. Isfahan city is selected as a case study for warm climate. Brick, travertine, marble, ceramic, aluminum and granite with their own thermal properties were selected as covering materials of the vertical walls of urban valley buildings and data on air temperature, mean radiation temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity were extracted from Envi-met software. Using thermal comfort index of Riemann software, PET is calculated. The results of this study show that the change of the vertical wall-to-granite wall materials in the ratio of 0.5 and East-West facets reduced the air temperature to 1 to 1.1 ° C, 14.1 to 17.9 ° C mean radiation temperature and 8 to 8.3 ° C, respectively. Can be. The same change in materials ratio of 1 reduced the air temperature from 1.38 to 1.49 ° C, 16.45 to 20.92 ° C and 9.23 to 9.63 ° C, respectively. In addition, the use of granite instead of bricks in the aspect ratio of 2 reduces the air temperature to 1.35 to 1.36 ° C, the mean radiation temperature from 28.19 to 30.15 ° C and the PET index from 7.23 to 9.23 ° C. These divergences have also been calculated in the street with a north-south orientation. Finally, using regression method, it can be concluded that among the variables related to the material properties, the material release rate is the most effective material properties on PET index.