نشریه معماری و شهرسازی پایدار
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Since 1970, a major worldwide is energy shortage along with the high consumption of energy in buildings. Architects are attempting to find solutions for managing buildings energy consumption.Facades are borders between interior and exterior of buildings so they play an important role in promoting the quality of life and reducing energy consumption. Proper management of the building facade can reduce the building’s energy demand. In fact interaction with the environment occurs through façade of the building. Today occupants’ comfort can be optimized using kinetic architecture. The parametric nature of facades allows the movement of shading at different hours that can transform by describable codes for computers and movable robots. This causes applying dynamic system for energy optimization consumption in building facade. This research has done by simulation method and data analysis that has used Genetic Algorithm for achieving optimized states.Information collecting methods are included librarian and internet resources and simulation proposed building and exerting different states of shadings and energy consumption measurement and visual comfort indicators. The hypothesis is about movable shadings optimize energy consumption in addition to visual comfort more than fixed shadings. Comparison of movable case with cases without shading shows a 32% reduction in energy consumption and 55% providing interior light.

In this study, the energy consumption optimization of Shahid Rajaei University Faculty of Mechanics building has been done using modeling in DesignBuilder software. Validation of the solution has been done once through Ansys Fluent software and once experimentally. Modeling is done in Design Builder based on the calculation of cooling and heating load and in Fluent in three-dimensional form based on solving continuity, momentum and energy equations with Bouzinsk approximation. By combining different configurations of curtains, windows, lighting equipment and heating and cooling adjustment temperatures, 85 different permutations are formed. cooling and heating load calculations have been done for all these modes and the top 10 modes have been introduced and ranked. The users of the building can check the ratings and choose one of these modes according to the four limitations of economic, user, biological and taste. The results show that the most optimal condition is when the double-glazed window has no shade, the curtain has a high reflective tape and the lighting system is a high-frequency triphosphor fluorescent lamp and the heating temperature is 20 and the cooling temperature is 28 degrees Celsius. By applying optimal conditions, 43.86% in gas consumption and 11.65% in electricity consumption can be saved in one year. This reduces the cost of electricity consumption of the building by 10.56%, equivalent to 15 million and 200 thousand Rials annually. Also, by applying optimal conditions, the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the building decreases by 11.83% annually.

Proper use of daylight is use of free source and Paying attention to quantity and quality of energy, is very important in the architectural design. Given that change of building geometry can have different answer (even sometimes antithetical) in the energy and daylight, so finding optimal building geometry is very important. Despite high impact of the sensitivity analysis on the building energy performance and the reduction of simulation time, little research has been done in this field. This study wants to optimize the geometric proportions of an office building in Qom. Quantitative simulation of daylight and energy in the basic model of the research have been done and the geometric parameters of length, width and height of the building and also window to wall ratio of the north and south facade in different models will using genetic algorithm have been checked. Then, the effect of geometric parameters were determined by mathematical calculations in the global sensitivity analysis method based on the SRC method. The results indicate that in the optimal models, the length to width ratio of the building is 1.13 and the window to wall ratio for the south facade of the building is 43% and the window to wall ratio for the north facade of the building is 10% and the number of shading for the south facade is 2. The sensitivity analysis indicate length and width of building are the most important geometric parameter to achieving the energy _ daylight efficient in the context of this research.

The management of urban open spaces, due to the special attention to the living needs of people and the qualities of their living environment, requires an approach related to the concepts of intelligence. The purpose of this research paper is to identify the requirements and limitations and develop a conceptual model of intelligent management of urban open spaces in Tehran. According to the purpose of the research paper, the method of article is qualitative and based on the qualitative content analysis of the experts’ viewpoints in the field of urban management and urban planning (23 people were selected). The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and snowball sampling method. By coding the data, categories and concepts corresponding to the intelligent management of urban open spaces have been compiled. These concepts include infrastructure, realization platform and implementation platform. Self-realization infrastructure includes concepts such as institutional organization, needs assessment, hardware, cultural and legal infrastructure. The context of realization includes concepts such as citizen participation, power mechanisms, mutual understanding, awareness raising, conflict of interest of stakeholders, the presence of experts, economic capacity and privatization, and the context of implementation includes strengthening local community, executive constraints, building trust, feedback, intelligent management and spatial content.

As an important subjects in the urban studies, an issue that has been less addressed in Iran so far, is the relationship between the physical quality of citizens' living environment and mental disorders. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical quality indices of urban neighborhoods and mental disorders in Isfahan metropolis. This study was performed on 434 citizens of Isfahan. The assessment of mental disorders was performed with SCL-90 questionnaire. The quality of people's living environment was assessed in five dimensions (natural conditions, quality of public open spaces, street conditions, environmental pollution and local services) with a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Ordinal Logistic Regression. Results showed, the mean score of the Global Severity Index was 1.29. In the correlation analysis, a significant relationship was seen between mental disorders and physical characteristics (P <0.001). The results of OLR showed that 15 indicators (local parks, quality of sidewalks, walking capacity, diversity of vegetation, street safety, sitting and pause spaces, street lighting at night, cleanliness of the environment, no noise pollution, smooth traffic on the surface Neighborhoods, water spaces, diversity of plants, trees and flowers, access to recreational facilities, access to public transportation and access to local shopping malls) have the greatest impact on mental disorders. The correlation between mental disorders and the physical quality of urban neighborhoods means the integration of health considerations and urban planning principles to reduce the negative effects of residential environments on mental disorders.

Cultural sustainability is based on improving the quality of life, preserving and transmitting lasting values. Cultural sustainability requires the identification of the cultural values of a nation and the impact and influence of global cultures; so that in addition to protecting its cultural identity, Coordinate with the conditions and needs of the time and improve the quality of life. Today''s housing has lost its cultural identity with the emergence of global cultures and ignoring local values, and by ignoring the concept of cultural sustainability, it has lacked the required quality of new housing. This research has tried to obtain a picture of the quality of residential complexes in Tabriz and to promote the cultural sustainability of residential spaces by considering the needs of the current generation in its cultural context.The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and its strategy is descriptive-analytical in the theoretical part and case study in the field part. In the theoretical part, after reaching the dimensions of cultural sustainability including cultural identity and cultural development, the indicators of cultural sustainability in architecture were explained with the influence of development components - exchange, evolution and change- on cultural values in architecture. In the field section, the evaluation of Aseman and Sattarkhan residential complexes was done in three residential scales, including the environment, building and residential unit, by observation and questionnaire. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed with Chi-Square and Fisher''s Exact tests. The analysis of the findings was done by comparing the average of the data by applying the coefficient, and their interpretation was done by the Prescott-Ellen method.The results of the comparison of the components of cultural sustainability between the two residential complexes show that the Aseman complex has an equal or higher score than the Sattar Khan complex in all components, except for the component of exchanging respect for the people. In the dimension of cultural development, the exchange of cultural values in residential complexes has been considered more than their evolution or change. In the dimension of cultural identity, the components of security and comfort, justice and equality, purity and honesty and unity and order have good sustainability and other components have moderate sustainability, which was suggested solutions to improve the sustainability of these components in residential complexes.

Today, due to the increase of residential complexes as a place of human life is more and more important. Maintaining security is one of the most important issues. The aim is to study and achieve effective components in creating safer places in residential complexes. Security is based on the premise that crime can be prevented by reducing the vulnerability of spaces that provide an opportunity to commit a crime. Sometimes there is security in a society, but people do not feel safe, which causes unrest in the society and a sense of insecurity. The 64-item questionnaire was initially distributed among 20 experts in the Delphi survey, and construct validity was used to identify the different opinions of experts, and finally the results were obtained using SPSS-22 software and Emus. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of type, descriptive-survey and statistical population of architects and urban planners with at least 3 years of work experience, with a sample size of 85 people selected by stratified sampling method. To examine the effective component in promoting women's sense of security and evaluating relationships and their importance to each other and the most effective components of Kruskal-Wallis, Human-Whitney, Spearman, Friedman, Smirnov-Kolmokroff, regression, goodness and finally Emos tests Used. The results of Emus studies are as follows: among the 6 components, the architectural-physical component with the most impact (0.682) and aesthetics with direct effect (0.082) the lowest value of variance to promote women's sense of security in residential complexes Has explained.

Nowadays, in Tehran city, due to many reasons the area of apartments has decreased, and in this regard, the attention of Architects attentions in the houses interior spaces design has been focused on functionality and using spaces as much as possible. This issue has led to the integration of the territories and violation of the residents' privacy. In this regard, the main goal of this research is to examine the current situation in low-rise residential apartments in Tehran from the perspective of territorialization and provide practical strategies for privacy in low-rise residential apartments in Tehran. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical and survey method. The research scope includes a number of residential apartments in Tehran. The research statistical population includes specialists in the field of residential building design, professors and researchers in this field. The method of data analysis is using T-Test, Friedman, factor analysis and structural equation modeling method. Smartpls3 and spss20 software are used in this part of the research. Based on the research results, designers can take advantages of all three physical, semantic, and social-cultural components together in order to find privacy in contemporary apartment through territoriality. In order to implement each of the mentioned components, using strategies such as separating private, semi-private and public areas and respecting the hierarchy of access to each of the Territories, respecting the principle of privacy in the apartments entrance, using flexible furniture in the interior of apartments, etc.

Regarding the importance of human and social development issues, many urban design and architecture experts have criticized modern urban planning and architecture and the physical-spatial quality of that system. The enclosure is one of the physical-spatial characteristics of such a system. In the present study, this concept is evaluated in three sub-branches of physical-spatial, activity-functional, and perceptual-semantic with increasing social activity and thus increasing social interactions in the central square of Bam City (Kerman Province, Iran). This descriptive-analytical study is based on the survey method. In the survey stage, a researcher-made questionnaire and field observation were used. The population and statistical sample of the study included 30 local specialists and experts in Bam selected by chain sampling who were familiar with the study area. Data were analyzed using the t-test and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) approach. The results showed that the view of the public space of the central square of Bam is chaotic and disordered. Overall, this issue is due to the heterogeneous accompaniment of the body (form, shape, and appearance), activity and space (events within the city), and the lack of coordination and appropriateness in the composition of elements (components and elements) of buildings placed next to each other and form an urban view. In the study area, neglecting the enclosure factor, including the walls and facades of buildings (a visual part of the city), was identified as a cause of social exclusion. The strengths and weaknesses of the characteristics of enclosure and the opportunities and threats existing in this space can cause the presence or absence of citizens and social interactions. Hence, the socialization and formation of public life in urban public spaces result from three mechanisms: physical-spatial, activity-functional, and perceptual-semantic, which are subsets of enclosures factors.

Housing has always been one of the main concerns of urban sustainable development. Although social sustainability is later than the environmental and economic sustainability it is considered as an inseparable part of the process of sustainable development and housing. The goal of current research is identifying the social indexes of sustainable housing and their evaluation in the 600-units residential complex in Mashhad. Therefore, firstly 20 open interviews were conducted with the residents, and then using the Grounded theory, the social indexes (participation, identity, security, environmental satisfaction and desirability) and sub-indexes of sustainable housing were introduced. Then 67 closed questionnaires were used and according to the resident’s opinion, social sub-indexes of sustainable housing were evaluated. The results show that all social indexes in this residential complex are relatively acceptable situation. The identity is more favorable than others and affected by favorable state of residents' pride and sense of place. It has a direct relationship with other indexes. Therefore, it is possible to increasing social sustainability in this residential complex by improving indexes and carrying out executive measures such as promoting social monitoring, increasing the comprehensiveness of public spaces, creating social interaction infrastructures, developing sociocultural activities, creating participation and social responsibility capacities.

The open spaces of residential complexes play an underlying role in formation of meaning in the relationship between the residents. Making these spaces suitable based on the needs and functional patterns of the user groups to facilitate the presence of all age and gender groups is one of the main concerns of architects. This study, which aims to examine the role of open spaces of residential complexes in welcoming the presence of the elderly group, addresses the influence of physical-activity components in forming meaning for the elderly. The type of research in this study is qualitative and the research strategy is combined (interpretive-analytical and correlation), data collection tools include observation, semi-organized interviewing as well as questionnaire (closed and open).The conclusion of the research reveals that physical and activity components in open spaces influence the meaningfulness of these spaces for the presence of the elderly age group and the physical characteristics of these spaces have the greatest impact on the formation of different levels of meaning for the elderly.Among the physical components, environmental comfort and safety-security has the greatest and the component of climate had the least impact on the presence of the elderly in the open spaces of residential complexes and among the component of activity and functional mixing have the greatest impact on the formation of different levels of meaning for the elderly. Also, among the components relating to meaning, the readability and familiarity has the most and least effect on forming space meaningfulness for the elderly respectively.

Due to the increase of the elderly in the world and in Iran, attention to this group and providing them with the appropriate environmental conditions in order to maintain their satisfaction have further increased. One of the influential factors in enhancing the quality of outdoor space quality is the nature and its elements that can now be studied using modern approaches, such as biophilic approach. The present research has been conducted with the purpose of evaluating the relationship between the biophilic outdoor elements of residential complexes and the elderly’s residential satisfaction and also taking into account the effect of individual factors (moderating variables) in this relationship. The current research was a quantitative study which was conducted in the form of a survey using a researcher-developed questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient test and SPSS 24 software were used to analyze the data. The statistical population is the elderly living in the residential complexes of Shiraz city. The sampling was done from among 174 people who were over 60 years old (101 males and 73 females). Comparing the results of the tests revealed that individual factors (moderating variables) affect the research variables and this influence can be effective in significance and the correlation degree of the relationships. Of the 72 relationships in the total results of the three study complexes, 67 correlations have a medium correlation coefficient and five correlations have a low correlation coefficient. The highest correlation coefficient is related to spatial orientation with the effect of individual factor, marital status(0.656); and with the adjusted coefficient of determination (0.472).The results related to Biopfilic sub-elements revealed thirty-eight significant relationships and six insignificant relationships (out of forty-four relationships), and the sense of belonging element (0.549) having the highest correlation. The research findings can be effective in reinforcing the Biophilic elements of outdoor space in residential complexes for the residential satisfaction of the elderly.