مجله زبان و ادبیات فارسی
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1399)

Irony is one of the elements of imagery for the beauty of speech that poets use to discover the meanings of speech. Danesh Mashhadi has used different types of imagery to induce meanings. Sometimes the poet's purpose is only to cover the speech, and sometimes he uses irony along with other literary arrays such as implication, simile, abstraction, association, and so on. In this article, the descriptive-analytical methods of all kinds of irony and its aesthetic application in Danesh Mashhadi court are examined and analyzed. The findings of the study indicate that all three types of irony in grammatical terms, including: current irony, adjective and adjective are used in the Danesh Mashhadi court and the frequency of current irony is higher than other types of irony. In terms of clarity and secrecy, Imaa's irony has been considered by the poet due to its ease of understanding more than other types of allusions. Most of the allusions used by the poet are of the ironic type, which is easily understood by the audience.

Metaphor has been a central theme of cognitive linguistic since its inception. Mapping the main concept in conceptual metaphors and expressing the correspondence relationship between a set of mental and objective concepts. The use of animal metaphors in stories reflectual intelectual and existential presence of animals in the minds of authors, and this shows the inseparable role of metaphor in human life. The present study with descriptive- analytical method, tries to analyze the conceptual metaphorical mappings based on the name and behavior of animals in the works of Afghani and Ishiguro ( japenese author of English origin) based on cognitive linguistic theory. For this purpose, research data based on the cognitive semantics approach in the framework of Lakoff and Johnson theoretical views with 36 metaphorical mapping of animals were extracted from the works of two authors ( 20 case of Afghani and 16 case of Ishiguro). Their differences and similarities in the areas of target and mapping names were investigated. The resuls of this study show the similarities between them and the difference is less. The purpose of this study is to investigate the metaphors in which the name or behavior of animals as a source domain is used and the characteristics of each animal are analyzed. Findings showed that the field of source of animals has been used by two Iranian and English authors with different cultures to describe the characteristics of individuals for negative traits and moral vices, which indicate the same reflection of speakers on the characteristics and temperament of the animals around them.

The dots of Persian and Arabic letters and spaces between them and other words play a decisive role in editing manuscripts. If in one sentence, the distance between one of the letters makes it meaningful in different ways, each of which has a proper application in the context, it becomes challenging to choose the correct one. Now, if we include the interpretability and, in particular, the distinct method of mystical interpretations in readings the phrases, we would face more fitting choices .In the fourth book of Rumi's Mathnavi, in the "story of druggist whose balance-weight was clay for washing the head..." there is a phrase that is read in different ways depending on the distance between its letters and having or not having a dot. Each of Mathnavi's editors and commentators has chosen a form and laid the foundation for their editing and interpretation. The two most picked commentaries are insufficient in conveying the phrase's meaning. In this article, I examine the possible forms of this phrase. Then, by showing how most important commentators of Masnavi interpreted this phrase, I offer a new possibility that does not have the inadequacy of the previous ones.

Prayers are one of the innate needs of human beings and more visible in the works of mystics and poets. Sheikh Farid al-Din Attar Neyshabouri, one of the leaders of Persian mystical poetry, is trying to quench his thirst for love of God. In his works, he sometimes prays directly to God and Sometimes, in the language of the heroes of stories, he deals with mystery and need for God. Prayers in his poems are sometimes for the pure praise of God, sometimes for the needs of oneself or others, and sometimes for complaint and protest. One of Attar's exclusive characteristics in composing prayers is to bring prayers after narrating the story in such a way that the content of the prayers is similar to the content of the story. Attar is inspired by the content of the story and pretends to be a fictional character, in this way he states the need.Elahiname is the most praiseworthy work of Attar's work, the first of which is the pure praise of God, and from the very beginning, there has been a demand and a wide range of needs, and Attar wants God's mercy and forgiveness. Most of Attar's indirect prayers in this mathnavi are in the form of a debate between the fictional character of the story of God or Gabriel, Hatef, or the unseen voice. This research examines and analyzes the content of Attar's prayers in this mathnavi.

Although Omar Khayyam Nishaburi, Wiseman, as one of the biggest scientists and Quatrain poet of 5th Hijri is well known because of his Quatrains, but he mastered many sciences of his time. Khayyam's Quatrains are composed in simple and understandable method. But some words and terms are seen which sometimes includes scientific and technical complicated concepts in wide range of sciences, despite of simplicity. By studying these concepts, we can recognize a part of the thoughts and worldview of this great scientist and on other hand it proofs inaccuracy of this hypothesis in that Khayyam the Quatrain poet, and Khayyam the scientist is considered two separate identities. In this article, which is based on library information, first views and reports of scholars and historians about personality traits of Khayyam and possible motivations to compose Quatrains by him and then words and scientific concepts being used in his Quatrains and purpose and their functions are analyzed. Studying these words which includes name of cosmos and beliefs of ancients regarding their effects, specifications of Four Elements, numbers and other scientific and philosophical concepts can help in identification of intellectual framework and profound view of Khayyam toward universe.