پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 40 (پاییز 1399)

The civilization of the Great Khorasan developed in the second half of the third millennium BC. For the first time, cultural materials of the great Khorasan civilization were obtained from the sites which are in the sedimentary deltas of the Merv and Tajan, so archeologists called it Bacteria-Margina Archaeological Complex and believe that this civilization was formed there for the first time, some of the researchers believe that the origin of it is in Khorasan of Iran. The primary purpose of writing this article is to identify and introduce the cultural sites of the Great Khorasan culture in the watershed of Kashafrood and to identify the relationship between this cultural area and southern Turkmenistan, the zone of Balkh and Oxus River. The present research has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on library and fieldwork. Based on the surveys and excavations, the findings of this civilization in a wide geographical area in the watershed of Kashafrood, north of Hezar Masjed mountain range, south and southeast of Turkmenistan, north of Afghanistan, south of Shahjahan and Binalood mountain range (in the cities Jajarm, Sabzevar, and Nishaboor), in South Khorasan province in the cities Dermiyan, Ferdows, and Tabas have been obtained. The cultural materials of the great Khorasan civilization in the watershed of Kashafrood were obtained from eight sites. This shows that this basin has an excellent ability to attract human groups in this period. Based on the studies over the wares and places of the watershed of Kashafrood, it was recognized that the pottery tradition of the great Khorasan civilization for the of Uzbekistan and this watershed.

Mashhad designing book school is one of the most important artistic Iranian schools which were formed in Prince Ibrahim Mirza's library (Mashhad governor during Safavi dynasty) in the second half of 10th century A.H. The illustration of valuable gnostic content such as Jami's Haft Awrang (i.e.: seven thrones) with a great attention and also using new painting patterns were impressive in the development of the other schools. The main goal of this research is to answer the following question: what is the effect of mashhad designing book school (that was supported by the literate and virtuoso Prince Ibrahim Mirza at the Safavi dynasty who was interested in Astan Ghods Razavi at the second half of the 10th century A.H) on the expansion of the painting patterns at the end of the 10th century? Which school has the most influence and derivation? And what is the aim of that? According to the results, Mashhad school, despite its short age, grew up so rapidly and impressively influenced the expansion of new contents and structural patterns in Iranian courtier and commercial schools at the second half of the 10th century A.H; among these schools, illustrated manuscripts at Shiraz school has been inspired dramatically by the painting patterns of Mashhad school. The method of the research was analytical-comparative and data gathering is library and documentary-based.

In this study, the "splashed glaze" pottery of the early Islamic period of Iran was selected by the purposive sampling method and was compared with the ideas of abstract expressionism and action painting. The main goal is to recognize the aesthetic features of Iranian art in comparison with the ideas of the new art. This paper utilizes the descriptive-analytical method with the comparative approach and answers these questions: 1) what are the common features of selected "splashed glaze potteries" associated with "abstract expressionistic and action painting's ideas"? 2) What are the causes of their similarity and to what extent? The results demonstrate that they are matched significantly, namely between 60% and 72%. Their most similarities are in the indicators of "transformation of work surface into an artistic event, not a place to represent visual elements", "the existence of a general control over the random process of coloring, and not a complete randomization of the final effect," and "lack of specific narrative". The writers believe that although there are about 1100 years between the time of creation of these potteries and the emergence of abstract expressionism, the main reasons of the similarity between these selected potteries with the ideas of abstract expressionism and action painting are the shared inspiration by artists of both eras (Chinese works of art), similar social and political conditions (despair and insecurity due to war) and identical aesthetic principles (tendency to abstraction).

Nishapur pottery has been compared to Sasanian art. This article attempts to provide a complete classification of the scholars' approach to compare with Sassanid art by a critical analyze on previous studies of Nishapur pottery. Then a set of stated and probable effective factors in both the form and content domain is focused on the hunting scene of the Sasanid silver plates in relation with Nishapur animated buff wares. The main question is that how many concrete results in these comparisons there are and, is there any cultural catalyzer to replace Sasanian affects? The results of the paper reject the Nishapur potter's indebtedness to ancient Sasanian symbols and symbolic manners in content and topic at all. It is also an unlikely event that the silver plates could be help to capture Sasanian art experiences into Nishapur in the fourth century AH and it is far from historical objects. By the other hand Sogdian painting and their art contents which obviously separated of Sasanian royal aspects and concepts, are the most capable way to transformation Iranian visual art traditions to Nishapur. 

Today, the development of endowment capacities through investment in knowledge-based and innovative businesses has become a new and effective strategy in the field of entrepreneurship, job creation and increasing the productivity of endowments. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of endowment investment in knowledge-based businesses and its impact on sustainable employment in order to provide a model. The research method in terms of purpose is of the type of applied research. Also, according to the research method, the present study is a mixed type (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population in the qualitative section of the research is experts, specialists and pundits in various fields of management sciences, jurisprudence and Islamic economics and experts of the Endowment and Charity Organization in 1398 and 1399 in the country. The sampling method is purposeful and accessible. The statistical population will be in a small part to select the subjects by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The number of experts for polling in the Delphi method will be at least 20 experts, which will be done by purposeful sampling. The data collection method will be library and field using tools such as questionnaires and interviews with emphasis on the Delphi method. The technique of information analysis and modeling in this study will be Demitel, which has been used to identify the causal relationships between indicators in the subject of endowment investment in the fields of knowledge-based businesses and the production of a tangible structural model. Findings of this study showed that among the factors affecting investment and sustainable employment, managerial factors are more important. Then there are the political factors that are relevant to the underlying factors; It is more effective and consequently investing in knowledge-based businesses has a relative effect on the development of sustainable employment. 

Social interactions are one of the significant needs and aspects of human society that is related to the conditions of the physical environment. In this regard, thouse's importance is doubled due to its excellent position in forming the living environment. Therefore, the current research attempts to obtain the architectural attributes of a home which, social interactions have a crucial role. How the architecture of the traditional houses leads to the improvement in the social interactions of the residents is a question on which, the current research has been formed. Since the traditional houses have a high quality in many general analyses, the recent research is based on studying the conventional dwellings of Kashmar city. By studying the various behaviors and analyzing the content of the conducted interviews and observations, it has been tried to analyze the relations in the spatial structure of the houses considering the social interactions. The research findings show that making votive food, holding ceremonies, soiree, playing with children, welcoming guests, setting tables, and collective sleeping are the main social activities inside these houses. By analyzing this behavior in their spatial context, eight components are identified in the architecture of these houses that are significant indicators in determining the level of social interactions in these houses and are as follows: relation with the open space, accesses, functional distance, space furniture, movement centrality, spatial diversity and frequency, transparency and spatial continuity, flexibility, and adaptability.