پژوهش نامه مطالعات مرزی
پیاپی 29 (پاییز 1399)

Cities in Iran, and especially border cities, need a well-written plan and framework, a written and practical policy to locate land uses and services to achieve desirable liveability conditions. Meanwhile, the issue of citizens' right to security, which may seem insignificant in different parts of the city, it is more pronounced in border cities where part of the insecurity is related to external factors. The present study in the framework of the above issues in the border city of Marivan with the aim of identifying the limiting and promoting factors of liveability in the outer frame and edge of the country tries to introduce positive factors attracting population and making the city more liveable by emphasizing urban security as a border and deprived city. This has been extracted with the help of 28 index library studies in 8 components (two groups of security and liveability) that structural equations modeling in Smart-PLS software has been used to measure the relationship, significance and finally confirm or reject the relationship between the right to citizen security and liveability. The results of the research based on GOF fitting confirm the strong relationship between security and liveability with a percentage above 1.20. Also, it can be stated that there is a strong relationship between the components of security in border cities and its liveability (99% correlation coefficients between infrastructure and territoriality-infrastructure and comfort). While the results indicate that the adopted strategies in order to make Marivan city liveable are mainly cross-sectional and have not been able to create a sense of urban security for residents. In this regard, the management and maintenance of space, its physical security, monitoring and control, as well as providing disciplinary strategies to strengthen the security of city are essential.

Optimal management of rural areas and good rural governance are essential elements of sustainable rural development. Meanwhile, border villages are fragile areas where a good rural governance approach through decentralization, public participation, resource management, partnership between government and civil society and the private sector as an effective process in all pillars of rural management can lead to the development of rural areas. The present study was conducted to analyze and prioritize the indicators of good rural governance in the border villages of Zarivar. This research is applied in terms of purpose and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Data and information were collected in the form of documents and field (questionnaire). Also, the indicators of governance include: participation, consensus, accountability, justice and equality, responsibility, transparency, rule of law, legitimacy, efficiency and effectiveness. The statistical population includes the heads of households in the villages of Zarivar rural district. The sample size of 336 households was calculated based on the Cochran's formula and the questionnaires were distributed randomly among them. Data were analyzed through the mean rank and one-sample t-test, Shannon entropy technique and RALSPI model. The results showed that the situation of good rural governance in the studied villages is undesirable. In this study, the effectiveness index using Shannon technique had the highest score (0.0160) and the regularity index had the lowest score (0.074). According to the RALSPI model, Oskol-e Sofla village was ranked highest in terms of good governance among the villages of this district and Kulan village was ranked the lowest. Due to the existence of poverty and unemployment in this region, helping to increase people's income, reducing poverty, solving the problem of unemployment, with efficient management combined with planning and real participation of the people, many of these problems can be reduced. Also, providing an entrepreneurial environment in the villages can be a way forward and as a result of increasing the quality of life of border residents, good rural governance will be achieved.

One of the most important and fundamental issues in order to maintain and enhance security in border areas is the issue of population. Population in border areas is an important factor for the continuity and stability of security. In order to achieve sustainable security, special attention should be paid to the demographic structure of these areas and its changes. Khuzestan province, as one of the most important border provinces of Iran, has undergone many demographic changes in recent decades and in terms of population movement in the last half century compared to other provinces in the country, has undergone major changes. The research has studied and analyzed demographic changes in Khuzestan province with a descriptive-analytical approach and has identified the harms and security issues affected by these changes. The obtained results show a decrease in population growth and an increase in emigration in this province in the last two decades. Net negative migration has a significant impact on population growth, percentage of active population, age structure, average age of marriage and household size of this province and is a serious threat to sustainable security in the region and the country. Therefore, in national and regional macro-planning, serious attention to this issue should be on the agenda.

Organizational culture, similar to the collective spirit in an organization, refers to the actions, behavior, and character of employees toward individuals and the phenomena around them which attention to it, causes the growth and development of the organization. Narrative analysis of the NAJA Border Command staff on the characteristics of the desired organizational culture is the aim of present research. This study has used the views of thinkers in the field of organizational culture such as Phillips, Davis and Shine and by adopting a qualitative approach, has chosen the method of narrative analysis with the tool of narrative interviews with 20 employees of this command. Findings of the research indicate 85 open concepts and 24 categories, under 8 main themes (strategic command and management, creative management of human resources, innovation, knowledge and research, management and needs assessment, spiritual capital, social situation promotion, optimal property maintenance, supervision and purposeful inspection). The results of this study show that the realization of a desirable, efficient and productive organizational culture in the border, depending on components such as scientific-research topics and prioritizing for future research,  the groundwork for strategic management in the organization, paying attention to the position of human resources and adopting a rational procedure in intelligent recruitment, scientific and modern military training appropriate to the type and areas of mission and training committed and specialized personnel according to the needs, benefiting from the experiences of the organization's past elites, paying attention to the talents and specialties of individuals and making them fertile, creating dynamism among the organization's youth by benefiting from their thoughts and ideas and refusing to be dogmatic about their opinions, interacting with scientific-military centers in order to benefit from their thoughts and ideas and to promote the level of social interactions and finally the localization of the organizational charter appropriate to the socio-cultural conditions of the border areas.

The behavioral excellence of commanders and managers as an effective and important variable, can deepen their relationships with employees, the spirit of brotherhood, love, empathy, self-sacrifice in border units and provide the basis for their success. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and behavioral excellence of NAJA border commanders and managers. The method of this research is applied from the perspective of the purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population is the commanders present in the border headquarters and the four provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, West Azerbaijan, Hormozgan and Mazandaran, which have been selected by purposive sampling. In order to achieve the sample population, stratified random sampling has been used. The sample size is 265 people based on Krejcie and Morgan table. Data collection tools are Allen and Meyer Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (2011) and Malek Hosseini and Mohammadi (2015) Employee Excellence Questionnaire. Its reliability and validity were confirmed using expert' opinion evaluation and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (a <0.70), respectively. SPSS statistical software was exerted to analyze the data. The results showed that the dimensions of the independent variable of the research have a direct and significant relationship with the dependent variable (behavioral excellence of commanders and border managers of NAJA) at the level of confidence of more than 95%. The weighted average of organizational commitment and the degree of commitment of commanders and managers to the index of behavioral excellence were (3.27 out of 5) and (3.67 out of 5), respectively, which indicates commanders are at a desirable level in the indicators of behavioral excellence.

The increasing expansion of cities and rural-urban migration has led to a growth in urban population, which has led to an increasing need for urban housing. In this regard, due to the high density of urban population and the need for mass construction of housing, it is necessary to create large settlements and residential complexes. One of the basic needs of citizens in these complexes is security which includes two objective and mental dimensions. This is because the lack of a sense of security in residential complexes can lead to avoidance. This study has been formed with the aim of explaining and ranking the effective factors on the creation of a sense of security in the residential environment of Rasht. The study population is the residents of Azadegan and Pardisan residential complex in Rasht, which according to Cochran's formula, 384 of them have been studied as a research sample through a researcher-made questionnaire. Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests were used to analyze the data, which were examined at both descriptive and inferential levels. In this study, five main factors of territoriality, management and maintenance, supervision, physical security, fear of crime were examined. The results of this study show that these factors have a significant effect on environmental security and crime reduction in residential complexes.

One of the duties of governments is to enforce the rule and implement border laws and protocols in that country, but reducing the harm to border residents as well as reducing the organizational and individual costs of employees that may be incurred in this regard is one of the concerns of border guards. Precautionary faults of border command staff in performing their duties or leaving their duties can lead to irreparable damage to citizens, in which case they will be responsible for damages. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the necessary precautions according to the law in order to be exempted from compensating the damages caused to individuals but if the border residents themselves do not comply with the border regulations intentionally or negligently, they will not be entitled to compensation. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the factors eliminating civil liability resulting from the act and abandonment of the legal duties of those employees in accordance with the relevant laws and in order to reduce the damages of citizens, organizations and employees. The present article is documentary and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection and method, respectively. The research findings show that the legislative approach to civil liability is uniform and consistent in all government employees and in all geographical conditions and regions. While in case of damage caused by border command staff’s actions to border residents, with regard to the governance of different geographical conditions inside the country, special regulations governing the border and the rule of border protocols in the Iranian border should be developed. Adequate consideration should also be given to how to compensate for the damage to the time and place conditions and the type of assigned mission to border guards, the adequacy of equipment and facilities provided by the government to border guards, the level of negligence and fault of border residents. On the other hand, if the damage caused by acting or leaving the duties is accompanied by the fault of the employees, they are obliged to compensate the loss and in case of lack of mission equipment of the relevant organization and otherwise negligence of border residents, there is no obligation to compensate. Finally, given the sensitivity of the mission and the specific conditions of the border and the existence of legal gap so legal transparency is essential for the adoption of a special border law, as well as the adoption and annexation of specific laws for border command staff in the Armed Forces Crimes Law.