نشریه دانش شهرسازی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 14، بهار 1400)

The linguistic orientation of the concept of space and its dependence on linguistic structures, its application and perception as a key concept in branches of knowledge such as urban planning and architecture, has sometimes been misunderstood. The connection between the two themes of space and language has made these two basic concepts in the knowledge and interpretation of cities, and it is basically impossible to understand one without the other. Criticism of the dominant discourse on the concept of space in disciplines such as urban planning, which have generally used space as a physical concept, and the phenomenological study of the two concepts (space and language) in order to find their roots in each other, help to clarify the issue.

The present article has been compiled with objectives such as rooting out the fields of perception in various theories of space and also defining language as the main element in the process of perception and experience of space.

The studies conducted in this article are based on a method consisting of two models of "critical discourse analysis" and "hermeneutic phenomenology".

It seems that the inseparable and intertwined structure identified in the essence of each of the two concepts of space and language, requires the emergence and application of a neo-concept called "the space of language". Concolusion: The traditional definition of space as a set of physical elements that are specially arranged together is not commensurate with the nature of the living space. Space is a complex network of physical elements and immaterial factors. Space, as a field of communication whose material and immaterial elements must each carry a wide and complex meaning, can only be defined in the context of language, which has a completely corresponding nature to space and is also meaningful. So space actually derives its existence from the world of language. Language as a means of thinking and a platform for presenting the world is the only means that can represent the real space. Therefore, language is not a tool for understanding space, but space itself.

Today, type is an integral part of urban space that can be mentioned as a social necessity and reality, and its role in creating a visual experience is clear to observers. Type in urban space has two main aspects, one is linguistic aspect and the other is visual aspect. The linguistic aspect is related to the audience's linguistic perception, the visual aspect of the type depends on the visual arrangements and design methods. Therefore, the second aspect is related to the visual arts. According to this, two kinds of meanings can be assumed for type; the explicit meaning that is formed through linguistic relations in the mind of the audience and the implicit and sensory meaning that affects the audience through image quality and visual elements. The main question of the present study is how the sensory meaning of type appears in urban space and what role it plays in creating a sense of harmony and contrast in urban space.

The main purpose of the research is to analyze the sensory meaning of type in Rasht as part of urban graphics and elements of urban identity. The role of type in creating harmony and contrast as well as expressive and effective functions of type has been considered. In this regard, in case studies, the sensory meaning of the type was analyzed individually for each brand and also in the city and the lack of organization of the type in the city was expressed.

This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The data collection method is combination of library review (i.e. note taking and image analysis) and field observations. Data analysis was done qualitatively.

The research findings show that type in urban space conveys sensory meaning. The emergence of the desired sensory meaning of type requires a context that provides the ground for a favorable relationship with the audience and does not harm the beauty of the city.

In the city of Rasht, type with unique meanings along with severe visual distinction has caused undesirable visual contrast. Type in an urban space requires a layout that creates a visual harmony in the urban space. In the city of Rasht, due to the lack of page layout, type harmony is not seen.

Nowadays, urban development plans in Iran, have been based on facilitating the vehicular movement in a deep contradiction with its past and urban settings and their importance in creating vitality, urban dynamism and promoting environmental quality in urban spaces have been neglected. Accordingly, the promotion of behavioral settings as one of the components that are effective for people's social interactions in such spaces is of particular importance.

this study seeks to provide scientific and practical solutions to promote spatial vitality in urban spaces

Mirabolghasemi Street in Rasht as a case study has been considered as one of the urban spaces created by urban development plans based merely on facilitating vehicular movement. The method used in this study is descriptive-inferential and applied. According to the population of Rasht, which was about 677,000 people, 384 questionnaires were submitted by the sample population based on Cochran formula and data were analyzed by SPSS software. Also, UCL Depthmap software and Space Syntax method were used to evaluate the structure of spatial configuration, which has been significantly correlated with vitality.

The results of correlation test between integration and connectivity show that the case study with an intelligibility level of 0.69 has a relatively proper legibility. Findings obtained from the questionnaire indicate that lack of spaces for social interaction and vehicular-oriented of the route has been considered as the most important problems of the neighborhood from the viewpoint of the statistical community.

solutions such as enhancing physical and visual quality in the urban landscape, improving environmental quality, paying particular attention to the pedestrians, improving functional and spatial quality, and promoting social, cultural and economic interactions are presented.

Environmental perception process is one of the key issues and concepts in human-environment interaction studies. The subject of perception involves discussing the physical properties of the actuator or transmitter and how humans respond to it. Environmental perception leads to understanding the environment and shapes human behavior in the environment. Therefore, many behaviors in the city change depending on how urban spaces are perceived and understood. On the other hand, the role of information technology in human life is crucial, and its achievements are increasingly affecting people’s lifestyles. Among them, mobile software by using the Internet has provided a wide range of opportunities for individuals and changed many of their past activities. Examples are route finding software that has been widely welcomed by Internet users in recent years. These apps are manufactured with different capabilities and each have their own different specifications.

This research sought to investigate these; “What impact do these route finding software have on people's cognitive process and understanding of the city's spatial organization?” and whether this impact varies in different environments (small and large cities).

The Research method is mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. At first, the desired indicators were categorized and determined by Delphi method, then research questions were answered by using a questionnaire as well as providing cognitive maps of users of way finding software and analyzing them.

Ordinary drivers pay more attention to landmarks and fields of the city. Software users pay more attention to nodes, and finally, route-finding software does not have much impact on how urban edges are recognized.

In large cities, more people are using route-finding software to find alternative destinations and routes to find out the paths with low congestion and so on. While in small cities, more people are using software to find information about traffic congestion. In general, it can be said that people who are software users are more mentally influenced by software indicators than the second group. Also it was concluded that the side paths are more popular for software users.

The city and its neighborhoods have lots of diversities and tastes related to the citizens. It is diverse from the two dimensional “comprehensive plan” in living spaces and the growth of the inhabitants. Nowadays, the framework of this type of planning in per capita and land use ignore the Islamic principles and the living style of the Muslim.

So, the health of them are in caution, it goes through the necessity of reviewing and pathology of the existing condition and make the managers be in the row.

The methodology of this study is comparative, it means the analysis of the consistency of the questionnaire data and explore the similarities of the qualitative data in the evaluation process. The Delphi manner is done here by the 30 experts who help the related questionnaire.

According to their mind, and considering the whole criteria of the human relations with the God, Society, Nature, and History, the 1st place is going to dedicated into the Perception and Sight indexes, the 2nd class is designed for the Activity indexes, and the 3rd and 4th place is reserved for Environmental indexes and Physical indexes. Finally, the result is that the rules and regulations which are going to be made by Islamic Culture, must obey from this type of classification in the importance of the placement.

The analysis of cultural criteria in the matrix of relationship between the human and the nature, the history, the God and the society through landuse and physical, activity, perceptional and visually, and environmental aspects make a perfect matrix which in this paper are going to be discussed. These analysis are related to the yaghchian districts and the analytical strategies which are in the master of the rules and regulations of that district in the lens of practical spatial structure plan.

The vitality of urban environments is an issue that has been neglected in planning, studies and architectural designs in Iran. Nowadays, providing esprit and vitality has become one of the main concerns of management systems in urban planning in countries, especially in developed countries in residential complexes, and particularly in open and semi-open spaces, where residents spend a large part of their time in their place of residence. Since people's vitality is directly related to improving their quality of life; therefore, addressing this issue is of great importance.

The objective of this article was to identify and categorize the components and indices affecting vitality, and finally to develop a theoretical model of vitality in open and semi-open spaces.

The method of this study was qualitative-quantitative meta-analysis mehod and the research tool was purposeful sampling with statistical data analysis.

According to the studies based on the analysis of the opinions of 15 relevant experts, the priority of Formal, Functional, Environmental, Social and Cultural Components were the most effective components, respectively, in relation to the vitality.

Quantitative results of this study showed that utilizing natural elements, proper lighting, and physical diversity in "Formal Component", diversity of uses and security in "Functional Component", environmental cleanliness, harmony with nature, and climatic comfort in "Environmental Component", recreational activities and the ability to be present in the "Social Component", identity and sensory richness in "Cultural Component" were effective in achieving a sense of vitality with the highest quantitative percentage. The final achievement of this study was explaining the theoretical model of communication between the components of vitality in open and semi-open residential spaces. Highlight: • Components affecting vitality in open and semi-open spaces were the highest and lowest priorities of formal and cultural components, respectively. • Utilizing natural elements, proper lighting, and physical diversity in "Formal Component", diversity of uses and security in "Functional Component",

Tendency toward physical development in underground due to shortage of land and rapid grout of metropolitan areas is taken into consideration in recent contemporary period. Reduction of traffic congestion, the problem of high density built form, and also solving other related problems of inhabitants, is an avoidable approach at present. Although there are many ideas and views to develop underground spaces by what has happen in various cases in Tehran, but it is not efficient and acceptable. Study and elaboration of various such cases in Tehran can help in clarification of the problem and also provide practical solution for upgrading these complexes of public urban spaces. The aim and objective of the research is to create comprehensive urban design criteria underground which are efficiently responsible. Therefor the question raises here are: 1. How UPUS(Underground Public Urban Space) can be more responsive and efficient? The methodology use in this research is combined quantitative and qualitative analyses. Through which beside literature review survey and observation of 10 cases of UPUS is done. Finally is concluded that the spaces of Sadeghieh, Eramsabz, seems to be efficient, but Imam Khomeini and Golbarg seems to be not efficient as such. Finding and result of the research indicate that there are lack of comprehensive urban design criteria. Accessibility and security are the main 2 points in compare to the other aspects in designing of metro station as a public space. Conviviality and relation of form and function of the other aspects which are not taken as such.

In current century, climate change has become one of the most important global challenges which is mostly due to the human activities and also the lack of paying attention to its environmental results. The negative consequences of climate change at different levels –from local to international- have caused various implementations in response to these changes in forms of climatic reduction and climatic adoption in recent years. In this regard, some urban approaches have responded to these challenges by using their principles that biophilic urbanism is one of them. Biophilic city can improve the quality of environment and also affects on responsing to the challenges of climate change by using the natural features.

This research investigates the nature of climate changes and review the campact city, blue urbanism, carbon-nutral city, renewable city and biophilic urbanism approaches and measure the biophilic capabilities of Tonekabon city (as a case study) in response to climate changes.

 This research has descriptive and analytical methods based on documental studies, observation and also survey. Meta- SWOT technique is  also used for analysis.

Among eleven biophilic capabilities which response to the climate changes, two capabilities of  “green space and urban forests conservation” and “urban greening programmes” have the most effects on responsing to climatic changes particularly flood event in Tonekabon city. Also prioritizing the urban environmental development in urban development plans  in coastal areas such az Tonekabon can provide the necessary backgrounds in order to overcome climatic challenges.

Utilizing the capabilities of biophilic city approach could be effective on overcoming climate changes in coastal cities of north of Iran such az Tonekabon. The biophilic capabilities of these cities in particular urban  forests and  green spaces have a significant role in reduction of warming and flood.

Shiraz historical and cultural area is one of the ancient areas of the country which Due to its unique architecture and urban context has significant architectural and urban planning values. The physical archaism of the historical area and, consequently, the severe complexity and blight, the specific social and economic problems of this area, would be factors in the severe urban decline and continuously less favorable of local inhabitants to renovation as well as housing in the Area.

The present paper intends to use FMEA and fuzzy TOPSIS techniques in ranking Shiraz historical Areas with the aim of assessing the possibility of sustainable urban regeneration policies (including economic, managerial, legal, participatory, socio-demographic, cultural-tourism, environmental, and physical-functional components) in historical Areas of Shiraz (Darb Shazdeh, Sare Dozak, Bazare Morgh, and Sange Siah).

The required data were collected through library studies and questionnaire completion. The statistical population of this study is citizens of four neighborhoods of district number eight of Shiraz about 24871 which 384 people were selected by using Cochran formula, and questionnaires were distributed and completed according to the population of each neighborhood by simple random method. SPSS software and one-sample T-test were used for data analysis and FMEA and fuzzy-TOPSIS model were used to rank neighborhoods, by using AHP method in Expert-Choice Software.

The results of the one-sample t-test indicate that the overall average of urban development policies and strategies with the approach of redevelopment and regeneration at the neighborhood level is undesirable.

The findings of the fuzzy TOPSIS model showed that the Sange Siah neighborhood with a weight of 0.618 was ranked first out of all the studied neighborhoods. Bazare Morgh neighborhood with a weight of 0.470 is in the second place, Darb Shazadeh with a value of 0.265 is in the third place and Sardozak neighborhood with a value of 0.083 is in the last place. At the end of the research, appropriate strategies are presented according to the research findings.