نشریه علوم و فنون مرزی
پیاپی 36 (بهار 1400)

Countering drug trafficking at sea, as one of the international organized crimes, requires access to information, which is now referred to as intelligence dominance. The present study was conducted to identify the priorities and intelligence challenges of I. R. I. Police in combating drug trafficking at sea. In terms of its objectives, the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is descriptive-survey and exploratory. A semi-structured interview and a questionnaire were used to collect the required data. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative phase was 30 individuals, of which 28 individuals were selected according to Morgan Table, but due to the limited statistical size and taking into account the research considerations, they were selected as a whole; and in the qualitative phase 15 individuals collaborated as research participants until they reached theoretical saturation. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts using face validity method and its reliability has been measured by reviewing the indicators and components extracted from the open data by experts. After implementing the interview text and analyzing them, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were extracted according to the SWOT matrix. SPSS software was used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results show that the first priority is manpower and organizational structure, and the second priority is to pay attention to environmental opportunities, including the intellectual support of the Supreme Leader and the existence of advanced technologies in other security institutions and ... should be considered. In the first group, the challenges were identified as the lack of organizational structure appropriate to the organization's naval missions, and in the second group, cultural weakness and the general tendency of society to abuse drugs were identified.

Today, the tourism industry as a fledgling industry, with its distinctive and unique features, has wide economic effects. Increasing employment, reducing unemployment, improving people's living standards and improving infrastructure are among the most important positive economic effects of tourism. And because of the role and importance of the tourism industry, many development planners and policymakers today refer to it as the principle of sustainable development. In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and descriptive-analytical in nature, which examines the role of tourism in the economic development of border areas. The required data were collected using descriptive-survey method. The statistical population included university professors, public and private experts active in the field of tourism and local managers. The statistical population was selected (174 individuals) using purposive sampling method and the measurement tools were questionnaire and interview. Content validity method was used to determine the validity of the instrument and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to examine the reliability of the instrument. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and Chi-square test and one-sample t-test were used to prove the hypotheses. According to the results, the inference is that there is a significant and positive relationship between tourism and the creation of new job opportunities in the border areas of Oramanat, tourism and increasing the income of border residents, tourism and the development of indigenous handicrafts of Oramanat border region, and the tourism and reduction of unemployment rate in the Oramanat border region in 99% level of significance.

Recent developments in the economic situation and characteristics, especially in the rural economy, have led to the discussion of employment, especially women's employment, to one of the most important issues that can be influenced by many factors. In this regard, this study was conducted in order to analyze the factors affecting the optimal employment of women in agriculture in border villages of Sardasht city in West Azerbaijan province in 2019 in which the survey method and questionnaire techniques were developed and SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The statistical population in this study was women working in the field of agriculture in the study area between the ages of 15 to 65 years. Using Cochran's formula, a sample of 370 individuals from 30 selected villages in Sardasht city was selected using cluster sampling method. Based on the theoretical foundations and literature of the research, the factors affecting the optimal employment of women in the field of agriculture in the region are: individual factors (psychological), cultural factors and organizational factors. Data analysis was performed using Spearman correlation and linear regression tests. The results showed that among individual factors, women's age, education, marital status, and the number of children had the greatest impact on women's employment, respectively. Among cultural factors, motivation to achieve social status, cultural beliefs, religious and belief factors and financial motivation are the most important, respectively, and finally among the organizational factors, indicators of administrative and educational structure are important. In total, based on the results of the linear regression test, the three factors studied at the rate of 0.566 are effective on women's employment in agriculture in the border city of Sardasht.

One of the conditions and necessities of providing security in a country is securing the international borders of that country. Border security is a precondition for the country's internal security. Iran has many borders with its neighbors, whose insecurity has raised concerns for border residents and the central government. West Azerbaijan Province due to its proximity to three important countries, also, due to its sensitive geopolitical and geostrategic position as a gateway and bridge between Iran and Europe, is considered one of the most troubled border lines in the country. Numerous socio-military and political problems such as smuggling of goods and fuel, alcohol, narcotics, weapons and ammunition clashes between security forces and Kurdish nationalist groups, and ethnic-religious tensions and challenges between minorities are among the most common causes of insecurity in the area. In terms of research method this research is descriptive-analytical and in terms of its objectives it is of an applied research type, which has evaluated the role of geopolitical indicators in border security of border cities of West Azerbaijan province. The statistical population is 30 professors, specialists and experts in the field of security and military-security personnel and the Pearson correlation coefficient method has been used for data analysis. The results show that the most important geopolitical factor affecting border security is political factors and the most effective component is the presence of foreign forces opposed to the Islamic Republic in neighboring countries. There is also a direct relationship between geopolitical factors and human factors affecting border security; but the intensity of this relationship varies among variables.

Anti-narcotics criminal policy is the measures, actions and activities that are carried out within the framework of the government's duties to combat the supply of these drugs. Analysis of various criminal policies after the revolution in the face of drugs due to its vast damage in society and also the pivotal role of prevention in the discussion of social harms and review of challenges in society and decision makers, in relation to the evaluation of Failure is a countermeasure that is offered by offering suggestions to minimize the ill effects of drugs through demand prevention, which with the help of the community and family, this problem is mainly eradicated in the community. The purpose of this study is to present and prioritize supply-oriented criminal policy against drugs. The statistical population of the study is the group of experts and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Usage method For data analysis, Savara method has been used. The results showed that the general policies of social measures against drug supply weighing 2.3755 in the first place and the policy of preventive measures to increase the difficulty of drug trafficking with a weight of 1.65769 in the second place and the general policy of preventive measures Drug trafficking through increasing the risk of committing with a weight of 1.20999 in the third place and finally the general policy of action through the law of law enforcement with a weight of 0.999994 in the last place in terms of importance and priority.

Considering that NAJA, as the main custodian of the fight against smuggling of goods in the country, is responsible for identifying, detecting and dealing with smuggling of goods.Therefore, this study aims to identify and enumerate the factors affecting the empowerment of border guards in the fight against trafficking and in order to increase the capacity,effectiveness and efficiency of staff.The present study is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of type, quantitatively and in terms of nature. The statistical population of the present study includes employees working in the border headquarters of Kurdistan province and related areas, which is a total of 120 people, as the volume of this study. Data collection tool was done by setting a researcher-made questionnaire. The findings indicate that in the dimension of individual factors in order (reducing greed and extravagance - solving financial problems - promoting beliefs and strengthening adherence to religious standards); In the dimension of organizational factors (preventing long-term presence in border units - providing the facilities needed by the units in order to prevent dependence on indigenous people - employing committed managers); In the dimension of external factors (preventing the activities of organized trafficking gangs - decisive treatment of smugglers by the judiciary and security authorities - reducing economic problems and eliminating poverty and unemployment of border residents); Factors affecting the ability of border guards to combat trafficking. The results indicate that (respectively) external factors, internal factors and then individual factors are effective in empowering border guards to combat goods smuggling.

The establishment of the safavid dynasty in Iran, in the form of Davazdah Emami Shia state, is one of the longest and most fascinating chapters on the Islam and Iran history. Because the follower of this religion continued to the struggle for nine centuries until was declared Shia as official religion of Iran. Since the Safavid dynasty is a turning point in the history of Iran, many phenomena of political geography evaluated in Iran. So, in this study have been tried to investigate how religious identity affected objectivity of Iran’s geographical boundaries and also investigate interaction of the political boundaries with religious identity. This paper seeks to explore and answer to questions like these that what had different political boundaries of Iran before the Sfavid with the boundaries of the Safavid dynasty? What religious identity has made substantive changes in political-geographical boundaries of Iran that many of Iranian history researchers know this period of Iran’s history as began the political-geographical integrity of Iran? The results show that it is in this period that for the first time a cultural-political factor called religious identity has been able to separate the borders and peripheral areas of Iran from non-Iranians and more or less guarantee their existence until the formation of a modern state in Iran.