نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 62 (اسفند 1399)

India and Pakistan are in a state of constant instability and conflict due to developments resulting from political, security, border and nuclear disputes, and a comprehensive and effective solution has not yet been put in place. Using an analytical-descriptive method, this article seeks to answer the question that whether the tensions and conflicts between India and Pakistan are directly influenced by the hydropolitical issues of the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir? Given that the Jammu and Kashmir region is one of the most important regions of South Asia - because the origins of some permanent and large rivers are located in this region - and due to the fact that it is considered as the core of the bio-existence of India and Pakistan, the potential for conflict and crisis is directly related to the control and monitoring of the strategic region of Jammu and Kashmir. Hence the dominance of hydropolitical as well as geopolitical thinking related to water through manipulation of economic, energy, security, cultural, political, military, and social strategies has created a complex form of crisis and tension in relations between the two countries, which could fundamentally change the political realms of India and Pakistan and have the violent consequences of extremist and terrorist conflicts.

Today, the importance of international trade agreements has increased with the development of industry and trade. These contracts are related to two or more countries due to the existence of a foreign element, because sometimes the parties to the contract have different citizenship or residence or the place of conclusion and execution of the contract is in two different countries. In some cases, the place of the contract is in one country, but other elements of the contract are in another country. The question here is which of the laws of these countries governs the contract in order to resolve various issues related to the contract. In such circumstances, and for the protection and expansion of international trade agreements, the principle of the rule of will in the choice of the law governing the contract has been accepted. Also, if the law is not determined by the parties, the law that has the most to do with the contract is accepted in most systems. The conclusion of this study is that in EU law, in addition to the inclusion of the provisions of the 1980 Rome Convention and the Rome Statute 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations, the Council of Europe has taken an effective step towards unifying the rules for resolving insurance conflicts and has established guidelines regarding the distinction between life insurance and non-life insurance, and has determined the law governing the insurance contracts according to the objectives and factors of effective communication in each of these cases.

Foreign policy as a collection of a country's approaches to interacting with the international environment has always had a tremendous impact on the national development of countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey, as two regional powers that have great common potentials, have always gone through a unique foreign policy trend to date. This trend has led to differences in the priority given to the development of certain types of power according to the amount of resources and the level of threats for the two countries. In view of the above, the present article seeks to answer the question that to what extent the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey have affected their national development comparatively? The hypothesis considered in this article states that to date, Turkey has benefited far more from its development-oriented foreign policy capacity than the Islamic Republic of Iran. The general method in this paper is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection method is based on the study of library and statistical data. Finally, while confirming the initial hypothesis, the results of the research state that the foreign policy approaches of the two countries have given them different positions, and in the meantime, Turkey has faced far fewer challenges in balanced national development than the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In a general and criminological classification, violence can be classified into two categories: conflicting violence (such as domestic violence) and aggressive violence (such as street clashes). Violence is as old as human life. The traditional perception of violence was limited to the physical type, but today it encompasses a wide range of physical, verbal, and psychological abusive behaviors, and it is one of the most important crimes in the industrial world - especially in big cities - including human society. Despite the many differences, a common feature of such crimes - which are wide-ranging - is the presence of aggressive factors. Lowering and weakening the level of psychological resistance of individuals, especially in metropolitan areas, has caused people to exhibit uncontrollable reactions and unpredictable results with more irritability and abnormality, rather than peacefully settling and resolving emotional problems or misunderstandings. This can be due to the lack of a culture of dialogue and exchange of ideas and lack of logical discourse. This causes people to try to resolve misunderstandings and problems with sentimentality and following instinctive reactions instead of following a logical and rational framework.

Today, most of the world's oil and gas fields are located along the borders of two or more countries. Exploitation and extraction from these common fields has been one of the most controversial issues of the host countries of these fields and reservoirs. In particular, the lack of a specific and comprehensive procedure has added to disagreements. Today, countries have resorted to various methods of joint exploitation to prevent or at least reduce such disagreements. One of these very useful methods is the exploitation through the integration contract. In this method, the host countries of the common fields or reservoirs agree that the field should be considered as a single unit and its operation should be done in a coordinated and integrated manner. Given the diversity of integration agreements, it can be said that there is a uniform procedure for these agreements. The question that can be asked in this article is whether there is a uniform procedure for joint exploitation agreements and integration of oil fields agreements between governments? This article examines in a descriptive-analytical manner the hypothesis that countries often use bilateral and multilateral agreements for integration and joint exploitation to exploit their common oil and gas fields. Although these agreements are very diverse in terms of geography and the clauses used in them, they seem to follow an almost fixed pattern.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-based psychotherapy on loneliness and sensitivity to rejection in adolescents with an addicted parent. This study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The study population was consisted of all adolescents of Tehran city with an addicted parent in 2020. The sample consisted of 30 (15 for each group) adolescents that were selected as voluntary and randomly recruits to each of the groups. Then, the participants in the experimental group participated in 8 sessions of 120 min of emotion-based psychotherapy, while the control group did not receive any therapy. Instruments for gathering data were the Soci-Affective Loneliness Scale (DiTommasso, Brannen, Best, 2004) and the Interpersonal Sensitivity Questionnaire (Boyce and Parker, 1989). Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS.v21 software and statistical tests such as multivariate analysis of covariance. The results indicate that emotion-based psychotherapy had a significant impact on loneliness (F=62.868, P=0.000) and sensitivity to rejection (F=5.629, P=0.026) in adolescents with an addicted parent. Based on the findings of this study, emotion-based psychotherapy improves loneliness and sensitivity to rejection in adolescents with an addicted parent and represents new horizons in clinical interventions. So, it seems that this intervention is an applicable intervention for adolescents with an addicted parent.