مجله پژوهش در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 9 (پاییز 1398)

Economy and economic conditions have been the most major challenges encountered by organizations in the third millennium. Sports and sports organizations are no exception in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of the present research was to examine resistance economy and its role on economic development of Iran’s sports industry. The present study was a field research using mixed method. The population were all the experts and stakeholders in the field of Sport Management (N=160). Resistance economy researcher-made questionnaire derived from Torabzadeh (2013) and economic development of sports industry questionnaire derived from Elahi (2008) were used for data collection. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, binomial and Spearman correlation coefficient tests were utilized using the 22nd version of SPSS. Also, the 22nd version of Amos software was used to test exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that there is a relationship between resistance economy and the economic development of sports industry and its components. Also, regression coefficients and T values confirmed the effect of resistance economy on the economic development of sports industry. Based on the findings, it is obvious that authorities have no choice but to pay special attention to the solutions of resistance economy, especially economic and revenue-generating infrastructures in sports sector and this can be a key solution in this regard.

Nowadays achieving financial and supportive resources is one of the main concerns of sport boards, which necessitates a proper attitude in marketing sphere. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the attitude of sport boards' managers towards sports marketing as a preface to carry out operational activities.  The statistical population consisted of all board of directors of sport boards of Markazi province as well as managers and authorities who worked at Markazi Sports administration and other offices in the city. The total number of the population were considered as the sample and 104 researcher-made questionnaires were analyzed. The questionnaire contained 47 questions. The questionnaire’s reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha (0.94) and its validity was confirmed by university professors and experts. To analyze data, descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t-test, Friedman, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations) were utilized using the 22nd version of SPSS and SmartPLS software. The results identified eight factors that were named in accordance with the nature of the research as follow: performance assessment, pricing, competitiveness, having a plan and a goal, human resources, attitude towards market (environment), marketing strategy, customer oriention. The results showed that the mean obtained in all factors was above average. The overall measurement results of the model, such as the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), indicated that the proposed model was appropriate. It is recommended that Sports boards’ members pay special attention to these factors.

The aim of this study was to compare the sports diplomacy in BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries with Iran. The present research was applied and was conducted by examining more than 50 articles, books, notes, news, etc. during the years 2000 to 2018 using the Bereday’s method. To obtain the required information, English and Persian texts were collected up until the end of 2018; the findings showed that emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China) seek to achieve their macro-level political goals in sports by presenting a comprehensive program for the use of athletes, coaches, referees and even sports’ college students. However, the decision makers in the Islamic Republic of Iran consider sports merely as a phenomenon for entertainment and fun, and they are still content with “interest” instead of  “perception” of the world of sports.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between effective commitment and conflict settlement with customers’ satisfaction of sports goods. The present research is an applied study and falls under descriptive-correlational category. The statistical population consisted of all the people who purchased from sports goods shops. Sample size was 345 people obtained based on estimated precautionary measures. To collect data, relationship commitment and conflict solving questionnaires of Ndubisi and Wah (2005), the reliability coefficient for  commitment and conflict solving were 0.76 and 0.84 respectively, and Mandegari’s residual customer satisfaction questionnaire (2011) with reliability coefficient of 0.87 were used. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by qualified experts. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Cronbach's alpha, Kolmogorov-Smironov, one-sample t-test, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and LSD test. All analyzes were performed at P<0.05 and P≤0.01 level, using SPSS software, version 22.
The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between relationship commitment and conflict solving with the customer satisfaction of sports goods, and the status of relationship commitment and conflict solving from the viewpoint of the customers is undesirable. Demographic results also showed that individuals with 47 years of age and above were less satisfied with commitment and conflict solving by sellers than other ages.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the role of organizational resources on the profitability of Iranian professional football clubs by competitive advantage mediation. The present research was descriptive-correlational and was conducted using mixed method. The statistical population in both qualitative and quantitative study included all the informant elites in football industry. In the qualitative phase, the data was saturated with 14 interviews and the samples were selected using stratified purposive sampling. For the quantitative phase purposive sampling was also used which contained 100 football experts and university professors of sport management. The data collection instrument in the quantitative phase was a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by eight sport management experts. Also, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to determine the reliability of variables. Content analysis was used to analyze the interviews with experts and structural equation modeling using Smart PLS was applied to evaluate the model. The results showed that within the research framework, the organizational resources and competitive advantage had significant influence on the profitability of professional football clubs. The results also showed that the competitive advantage in this regard has the role of a minor mediator. It is then recommended that Iranian football clubs develop the status of the organizational resources and competitive advantage to reach profitability.

The aim of this study was to identify and rank the economic barriers of sports tourism in Iran. The method of this study was descriptive-survey. The statistical population included the researchers who had at least one book or two scientific papers in fields related to tourism and the administrative experts in this field holding at least a bachelor's degree, with at least 10 years of experience. The population size were about 500 researchers and 450 of experts among which 274 participants were selected using Cochran’s formula through stratified random sampling. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face validity was confirmed by experts. To determine the content validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. Cronbach’s  Alpha coefficient was calculated, 0.90. In order to rank the barriers, Friedman test was used and to compare expert and researchers’ view point, U-test (Mann–Whitney) was used.  The results showed that due to significant differences between factors, the most important barriers of economic development was the problem of sports tourists entering Iran and barriers to the development of investment in sports tourism rankded second and revenue-generating barriers earned through sports tourists ranked third. Therefore, in order to develop sports tourism and national use of its economic benefits, it is necessary to remove the barriers to the entrance of tourists in the first place. Thus, one of the first steps is to provide the infrastructure to develop investment and generate revenue correspondingly.