پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 90 (اردیبهشت 1400)

Translation criticism, based on the patterns of cognitive translations, is a criterion to describe the translation function in the target language by preserving literature and understanding the meaning of the source language. The validity of the translation of the novel will also be measured and represented with meticulous awareness of the shortcomings and its positive features according to the principles of translation evaluation models. Antone Breman, whose basis of his translational viewpoint is based on the source text, explains the twelve deforming tendencies between the source, target language named “deconstructive method” or “distortion factors”. According to this theory, when the number of changing trends in the translation process is more significant, the translator has distorted the original text more. In this study, we want to consider the perspective of Bremen’s deconstructive tendencies with respect to the alien text and foreign, Arabic translation called “Aynaha” by Ahmad Musa of “Her Eyes” written by Bozorg Alavi. The main focus of this research is to review the dominant trends in text change by translator mentioning to citing the evidence and proposed translation. Findings of the study confirm six trends of twelve Bremen deconstructive tendencies, and it claims that the translator, according to his own taste, has made changes in translation, and he was not loyal to the source text.

This book deals with interaction which is one of the important criticism problems related to literary genres. Interaction is regarded as a perfect standing for literary genres. The researcher Basma Aros tried to examine this idea and Maqāmah and how much this prosimetric literary genre accedes to interactive reading. Choosing Maqamah as a project for this study was a conscious choice because Maqamat is regarded as the basis of the literary genres, and it went beyond other prosimetric literary genres. We chose the book “the Tiger and the Wolf “ written by Sahl Ibn Haroon because it contains conflicting interaction be embodied in an interrelated genre approach. To accomplish this study, the researcher also worked on Maqamat "Badi Al-zamn Al-Hamadzani" and Maqamat "Abi Qasem Al-hariri. According to the descriptive-analytical method, In this critical study, we will focus on the mentioned book to reach some points of conclusion which reveal the rank and importance of this book. Our results show that this book aims at disclosing the secrets of interactive relations among literary genres and their contribution in changing the viewpoint to the genres and their role in the interactive course. In order to show the role of interaction in reading prosaic texts through applying old and modern opinions, the researcher chose the Maqam genre because it includes an exciting genre interaction.

The art of play is the result of human social life, more than any other type of art in relation to social man, and accordingly, its connection with the new civilization can be emphasized more than other components. In the new era, the play is one of the most important topics for critical discussions, whether as a text or as a collection of narratives performed by actors on stage to the extent that the critical and historical books of this type of art have a wide range of the oldest types of art. One of the most recent works of this kind is Nashat 'al-Masrah fi al-Mashreq, (The Emergence of Theater in the East), whose author has studied the origin and evolution of this art in the Orient, focusing on Lebanon and Syria, Turkey and Iran. The article intends to provide a critical reading of it by adopting a descriptive method, and the results show that although the value of the book in question is small, the author has been able to use accurate methods in reviewing the evolution of the work as a historical-analytical book by using reliable documents and sources.

Contrary to many studies in the field of Arabic Grammar, Ali Abu al-Makarem’s research has a special place. In his works, he has attempted to study the history of Arabic Grammar by a methodological study in a general and comprehensive way. One of his most important books is “Asul al-Tafkir al-Nahwi” where the author talks about the difficulties facing Arabic Grammar studies. He sought to identify both positive and negative elements by reconstructing classical methods of Arabic Grammar studies. The author of this article, by a comprehensive study of this book, seeks to find an answer to the following questions: What are the most important general principles on which his research is based? What does Grammatical Induction mean in author’s opinion? What steps has the concept of analogy gone through in the history of Arabic Grammar? What is the position of Justification or Explanation and Interpretation  in principles of Arabic Grammar ? And what is the impact of correctly recognizing these concepts in Arabic language research and teaching?  This paper studies the various chapters and titles of the book to answer such questions, according to the descriptive-analytical methodology.

The book “Resistance Literature” (1970) by Ghali Shokri is a critique of resistance in literary genres. The main subject of this book is about heroes in literary types. The literary works contained in this book are a collection of novels, myths, theaters and poems for the nations. The analysis of Resistance Literature is based on a descriptive and analytical approach. We also rely on critical and analytical methods in writing this paper. Structural evaluation for this book includes the following: Cover design, book title, index, language, page layout, references, footnotes, and index for information. And content evaluation is done according to the author’s analysis about hero and heroism in literary types. The research results indicate: Cover design, book title and index need to be reviewed, the language of the book is written smoothly, the book’s content is unbalanced between literature against nations, 64.66% of the book’s ability is devoted to Arabic literature and 35.34% to literature in other countries, the author is interested resistance literature in Egypt and France, more than other countries.

The book Ma’āni al-Abniah fi al-Arabiah (‘Meanings of Structures in Arabic’) is a valuable work by Fādil Sālih Sāmarrā’i, where he explains the meanings of structures and different conjugates proceeding with his innovative project involving a semantic approach to morphology and syntax. He argues that any change in a structure or conjugate leads to a change in its meaning, and consideration of the diversity of these meanings increases the importance of Arabic and the rhetoric contained in the Holy Quran. In this book, Sāmarrā’i has adopted a semantic approach to investigate the issues concerning nouns and verbs, infinitives, adverbs of time and place, present participles, past participles, constant adjectives, instruments, different types of plural, and relative nouns. With a descriptive content-analytical method, this research attempts first to address the role of Fādil Sālih Sāmarrā’i in the innovation of morphology and his emphasis on the relationship between morphological structures and their meanings and then to scientifically analyze his success in that regard and the most significant advantages and imperfections of Ma’āni al-Abniah fi al-Arabiah with a critical review of the book.

Studying academic and academic books often aims at transforming the quality of education in order to reveal the angles that are hidden from the author’s point of view. One of the books published in the field of comparative literature developed for undergraduate Arabic language and literature students is the book Aladb al-Moghrannfi Iran and Al-Alam al-Arabi (1903-2012) by Heydar Khezri, published by Sindi Publications. This book is important because it introduces new schools of comparative literature and examines them. Hence, this study examines the book in two parts of the form and content and examines the privileges and drawbacks in each section. Among the results are: Although the author has written his first work in this field, the book has a good coherence, so that the reader is well versed in the study of the book with comparative literature, especially in the field of two Persian and Arabic Literature. In addition, the noteworthy mention of the book is that this work has taken a new step in identifying new schools and theories in the field of comparative literature than other works written in this field, while avoiding repeated repetition, innovation has struck.

Semiotics is one of the branches of modern literary criticism in the twentieth century that examines the signs and the relationships between them in literary texts and their function in conveying the message between the author and the reader. The book Aliat al - Tawil al - Sima'iyya by Musa Rabbabiyah is one of the works that tries to achieve the following subtle and profound layers of textual construction by passing through some semiotic tools and passing through the superstructure of the text. In the light of the importance of the issue, the present article tries to explain the weaknesses and shortcomings of the desired work in a descriptive - analytical way and with a content critique approach, while examining and stating some of the strengths of this book. The results of the study indicate that this work has been very successful in the first three chapters in the field of metaphor and cryptography as two tools of semiotics and has provided good analyzes by selecting appropriate poetic examples. But, the book’s inconsistency with the content and not directly addressing all semiotic tricks, including paradox, mask, arithmetic, norm-breaking, myth, lack of balance between chapters, and a brief reference to the critique of semiotics in the novel one of the most important shortcomings of this book.

Al-Sharia Al-Arabiya, a book written by Adonis, is one of his works dealing with critique, published almost thirty years ago. Despite its small size, the book encompasses integrated information about the nature of Arabic poetry and its evolution through history. The author meticulously explores Arabic poetry and discusses its foundations from the perspective of ancient critics and orators. The four chapters of the book include subjects on origins of Arabic poetry, identity of rhythm and music of poetry, analysis of aesthetic issues and their connection with Qur'anic research, and struggle between tradition and modernity.  The Persian version of the book, published under the title ‘Boutigha-ye Arabi’, is one of the most recent works by Adonis translated into Persian. The book is translated by Amir Abu Sassani and Omid Pourhassan by Amir Kabir Publications in 2018. The analysis of the translation of the book shows that despite some grammatical errors and inaccuracies in choosing equivalents, the translators have provided a proper translation, transmitting the message and the content fluently and expressively. Adding diacritical marks to the Quranic verses as well as lines and words in the poems and including a list of sources and indexes in the final part of the translation are the advantages of the book. However, with respect to the translation, inconsistency in using equivalents, collocational clashes, and improper omissions at the word level are some of the weak points.

The great tendency of contemporary Arab fiction literature critics to new approaches of Western criticism, especially in the last decade of the twentieth century and concerns about the severance of their relationship with the old Arabic critique and the urgent need of Arab libraries for works on criticism of critiques, made the Syrian Abu Heif to write the book “New Criticism of Story, Novel and Narrative in Arabic Literature”. This research examined Abu Heif’s criticism method based on two methods of reading the work and descriptive-analytical approach and has reached the following The way the eight chapters of the book are presented in a very eloquent pen, illustrates that it has had a pre-determined engineering and the content topics have a logical and acceptable sequence. The data and examples in this book are vast; and in fact, Abu Heif has turned his book into an encyclopedia. Despite the fact that Abu Heif did not consider specific criticism criteria to criticize other critique works, and this is one of the main drawbacks of the book, his analysis of different critique works has a very solid base and is convincing for the reader. Citing of almost 500 works by critics from different Arab countries could be a strong reason for his lack of prejudice in using critical evidence.

Criticism, as a surgical process of literary texts, seeks to express the weaknesses of scientific works and then to explain the strengths and highlight their positive aspects. As one of the meanings of critique in the Arabic word is to take the bird’s grain and beak it to remove the healthy grain and to remove the defective and rotten grain. The science of syntax as one of the important disciplines of linguistics has been a strategic weapon of explorers of literary texts, and has always been considered by thinkers to provide critique and to write about scientific compositions. The book under review is an attempt to document some of the syntactic titles presented in the book "Mughni al-Adib", which is itself a new version of "Mughni al-Labib" by Ibn Hisham Ansari. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method, and the results indicate that there is almost no trace of modernity in reasoning, and the presentation had solid and convincing approach in work. The explanations given by the author under the title of "syntactic revolution" are generally either incorrect, or quoting one of the famous opinions of its predecessors without mentioning their opinion, or attributing some of these opinions to themselves as a new argument and It is the syntactic initiative of the author. The rhythm of the book is also slow, monotonous and boring, and it does not have an attractive shape in terms of writing and processing. Thora’s syntactic book is generally an undocumented, unsubstantiated quasi-scientific work that is far removed from the reference system and is in fact, an unstable and weakened version of important sources in the field.

Due to its unique features and emergence of new concepts and meanings after the revelation of Quran, Arabic language has been the center of attention by the semantic experts from the beginning until the contemporary era. Among contemporary linguists and syntax analysts, Fazel Sameraii has also written some works, one of which is the book “Al-jomlat ol-Arabia val-Mani”. In this study, it has been tried to investigate and analyze this book in terms of both form and content. The results of the study show that this book is in line with the Islamic approaches, and the writer also has control of the authentic resources. In understanding Arabic sentences, Sameraii has used constructivist semantics. He also exploited role-oriented linguistics by making use of Maqam and style symmetry. Although he could not propose a comprehensive approach to the role of symmetrical relationships in semantics like Tamam Hasan, who developed the theory of symmetrical correlation, he mentioned the role of each symmetry in its own place, which was a success. However, in terms of form, the book lacks rudimentary and didactic tools. As well as the strengths, some suggestions have been provided concerning the weak points.

Critical analysis of scientific productions highlights the strengths and weaknesses of authors and avoids the weaknesses. Achieving the desired perfection in the compilation of academic resources is possible after explicit and constructive criticism. In this article, “Scientific Research, Its Foundations, Methods and Principles, Procedures”, written by Mostafa Robhi Alianhas, been criticized. The results of the critique and review of this book show that this book, despite some strengths such as the use of many and varied sources, the use of exercises and tables and diagrams that have played an effective role in explaining and teaching concepts, however, have many defects in the field of form and content, unfortunately. The most important formal defects include lack of strict observance of general rules of writing, interpretive and syntactic errors due to incorrect use of words and combinations, lack of formal comprehensiveness due to lack of introduction and methodical conclusion. The most important content shortcomings include repetition of the subject, incomplete arrangement and chaptering, superficial and hasty review, reliance on compilation and collection, and as a result, lack of critique and innovation.

By definition, criticism is the task of examining the validity of a work of art or literature. Like other disciplines, it is based on specific rules and regulations. Once a work is criticized, its strengths and weakneses are revealed. In this regard, ‘Azf Ala Vatar el-Nas ol-Sheri’ (Playing the Strings of Poetry) by Omar Mohammad al-Talib is evaluated as a book that seeks to grasp the content through the text analysis. The analysis is conducted by sticking to various aspects of literary criticism and avoiding theoretical subjects. The present study aims to evaluate the book for its strengths and weak points in an objective and unbiased manner. The research method is descriptive for the structure and descriptive-analytical for the content of the book. As the results of the content analysis indicate, the author’s goal is successfully fulfilled. In structural terms, however, the book is beset with certain shortcomings, which the author and the publisher are advised to mend.

There is a lack of books in Arabic language translation studies in the field of translation theories; therefore, there is an absolute need to write new books and critics available books. “Derasat fi Nazariyat Al-Tarjomah Fi Daow Al-Khobrat BE Aal-Loqhat Al-Arabiat” written by Mehmed Kico and translated into Arabic by Jamal Al-Din Syed Mohammad is one of that sources. This book is important not only because of its subject. The author is an Arabic-Bosnian translator, and it has been written without focusing on Western European languages, including English, and French in translation theories. The present article analyzes this book in an analytical method and attempts to examine its form, content, and its abality to be teached in Arabic traanslation studies principle. The most important results of this paper are the importance of the subject and the viewpoint of the writer,  expressesing issues in translation theories, a notation to issues of translation from/into Arabic, diminish of Eurocentric perspective in concepts, use of numerous and various sources. The weaknesses also include overlapping of some content, lack of education and learning outcomes,  not referring to some of the important topics in translation studies such as evaluating translation quality, and discourse analysis.
 Keywords: Theory of Translation, Arabic Language Experiences, Mohammad Kico, Jamal Al-Din Sayyed Mohammad, Translation Theory, Arabic- Bosnian Translation

Textbook criticism is of great importance and status. The book “Conjugation 2”, written by Ahmad Pashazanoos, while addressing issues related to the name, has tried with exercises at the end of each lesson to provide the audience with the opportunity to explore the material presented in practice. This book is a continuation of the book “Conjugation 1” by the same author. The present article critiques the two levels of form and content of this book by descriptive-analytical method and relying on the descriptive analysis approach. All the strengths and weaknesses of the book in the two areas of form, content and mistakes of the author have been pointed out by presenting documents and examples of the book. Finally, in general, this book can be called a scientific package that tries to provide inflectional content by deductive method (mentioning the rule and then providing an example witness( and the role of meaning and subtle semantic differences in different inflectional forms are insignificant.

Mohammad Khaqani Isfahani, in his book, has used this statistical stylistic function to study the Arabic language and extract high-frequency linguistic forms for use in educational programs. This article, while introducing and examining the form and content of this book, acknowledges that there is no need for the statistical study of Arabic language in the first place. Because of some reasons, classical Arabic has remained unchanged throughout history. On the other hand, using shortcut solutions such as “trust in experience and reading text”, “paying attention to the semantic functions of linguistic forms”, “browsing syntactic books such as Jammu al-Darrow and Qatari al-Wadi al-Sadi's description” and “Referrals that collect syntactic evidence” can be extracted from high-frequency linguistic forms, and necessarily, as the respected author asserts, using the statistical method of time stylization is not the only solution.

Investigation of the Literary Texts: Critical Approaches in Poetry and Narrative Texts is a work in literary criticism in which the authors try to present a practical criticism about some selected texts, which are mostly written by contemporary Arab authors and poets. This book, as a critical criticism, does not consist of a mere description of critical theories, but the criticism is executed on the text. In this book, there are some weaknesses that are considerable and should be criticized; moreover, these weaknesses are present in lots of books and articles written in literary criticism. Then, the so-mentioned book is criticized in this article in form and content. Lack of mention of equivalences of technical terms in Latin and lack of use of footnotes or misuse of it, and also lack of coherence in the structures of narrative selected texts are the most obvious problems in the form of book. Regarding the content of book, the most important criticism is the restriction of the concept of critical theories and misreading it. In addition, the presented approaches are without a coherent structure and method and are written according to an immediate impression. Samples of these two problems are seen in dispersed ideas and incoherent analyses, simplistic readings, presentation of obvious ideas and criticisms and lack of referring to important references.

The irreplaceable role of literary historians in proving literary events as well as highlighting the role of writers is undeniable. If it cannot be considered the best tool, it can be considered at least one of the bests in expressing and showing the unique role of literature in the construction and social context and cultural development of society.  One of the most prolific and insightful works of the talented and insightful writer, Mostafa Shaka'a, is the book “Poetry and Poets in the Abbasi Era” which seems to be very influential and practical due to the author’s critical style. Having skimmed the book, what seemed to be very interesting is that the book's possible shortcomings are outweighed by its strengths. One of the best results of this study is that Shaka'a has played an effective role, by mastering the poetry and poets of this very important period of literature and very deep critique, as well as charting the literary style of some poets who appeared in other similar books, who were showed either very dull no significant in other books. The chapters are also based on this approach of the author and his balances on this approach, also reflect his surrounding knowledge and insight. Perhaps most of his weaknesses have been in forms, and sometimes in concept, such as accusing Abu Nawas of nationalism, which, of course, does not detract from the book’s strengths.

Due to the time frame of the so-called contemporary period, the production of abundant poetry and the presence of poets in Arab countries and Arab poets in other countries of the world, it is very difficult to approach contemporary poetry in the form of a book and the template of the thoughts of a research author. Based on his views, contemporary scholar and critic Hassan Ebas has presented some of the approaches of contemporary poetry in the form of a book and has analyzed and criticized those approaches and tried to present most of his critical views in those analyzes. Mention some. In-depth reading of these approaches raises questions such as: Why did the author present these five approaches, and why did each of them have a uniform analysis, and the following sub-headings were not categorized? Undoubtedly, today, the design of contemporary Arabic poetry approaches, considering its breadth, requires a new effort with a new style so that contemporary poetry can be criticized from different dimensions.