نشریه برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 9 (تابستان 1398)

Impassable mountainous regions are one of the significant destinations for tourists, which due to arduous accessibility, are neglected to visit. The best way to reach these regions would be the railways, owing to its conservative nature which protects the environment and noteworthy settlements and also reduces the pollution and non-native population. So , the main goal of this research would be explaining the role of ecological tourism planning in impassable mountainous regions by railways. Tehran-Mazandaran railway is chosen as the case of this study in light of its antiquity, settlement growth in heart of the mountain, and presence of railway tourism. Documentary and library studies along with field surveys ,questionnaires and interviews were used to recognize and explore the existent stations and adjacent habitations and to understand the opinions of stakeholders . Then, using these items, ecological tourism development model of the Region was developed. In this kind of development, railway stations provide the role of tourism development center. Stations with the highest development capacity were selected as the centers for the development of ecological tourism. These centers play a main role to develop the region and grow their surrounding areas, by forming a tourism complex including natural, rural and historical attractions. This way, in addition to the economic development of settlements and the prosperity of tourism, the protection and maintenance of the environment is also done in the best way, and thus ecological tourism will be done in mountainous areas with the focus on the railway route.

Today Urban space is a platform in which social relations and civic life flow.Technology, as an integral part of life, has influenced cities to undergo fundamental and functional changes and is recognized as a new feature in the 21st century. These changes have led to the dual specialization of life and, consequently, to citizens with behavioral transformation. In other words, hybrid urban space has created a dual-function citizenship of virtual-virtual.This study deals with the spatial-functional duality of citizens or the dichotomy of citizenship in the context of Tehran. The research is qualitative in nature and practical in terms of purpose.In addition to documentary and library studies, data collection was done through a simple random questionnaire. Since the study population was uncertain and unlimited, the number of samples was determined based on Cohen's formula559, which was completed to ensure 666 questionnaires from 22 districts of Tehran. The validity of the questionnaire was measured by adjusting and filling out a 35-item test questionnaire and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured based on Cronbach's alpha. According to the research findings, there is a significant correlation and relationship between research variables and among the main factors of social interactions and urban structure, it has a higher priority than technology. Studies show that the interaction of the 3 elements:city citizen and technology,the phenomenon of two permissible approaches - the reality of citizenship and space in Tehran as a symbol of the 21st century city is strengthened every day and social innovation is being formed

Review and evaluation of development plans based on theories of spatial justice is one of the topics that has been neglected in urban planning in Iran. The purpose of this article is to formulate a framework of spatial justice criteria and evaluate the reorganization plan of Farahzad neighborhood based on those criteria in a qualitative manner. Based on the research findings, the principles of spatial justice in the form of 12 concepts including, consultation with the people, centralized participation, denial of deprivation and marginalization, respect for people's rights, fair distribution of resources, freedom, equality of opportunity, need to share in the public interest, entitlement Inclusion and diversity, diversity and differences were identified. Analysis of the content of the documents of Farahzad neighborhood reorganization plan shows that this plan complies to some extent with some criteria of spatial justice such as central participation, consultation with people, entitlement, fair distribution of resources, freedom, equality of opportunities, while the criteria of denial and deprivation Marginalization, inclusion, and the need to share in the public interest have had a lower place in Farahzad neighborhood planning. The Farahzad neighborhood reorganization plan is a physical plan that considers only some of the criteria for social justice based on liberalism.

The phenomenon of urbanism has caused cities to adopt a new spatial arrangement and old, deteriorated urban textures receive less attentions than before. This lack of attention brings several socio-economic and environmental issues for these textures and make them to convert to deteriorated urban texture. Therefore, todays detecting deteriorated urban texture is the primary step for modern planning. Proposing an integrated spatial index is the novelty of the research to determine the level of deteriorated urban texture in an study area. Indeed, this index consists of a set of spatial criteria such as graining, age of building, and permeability, that are calculated through geographical information systems. Among these criteria, permeability needs more notice in modeling compared to previous works. Thus, in this research based on accessibility, street crossing, and traffic indicators are utilize to evaluate permeability efficiently. In the next step, these criteria are combined based on the opinions of experts and with the help of multi-criteria decision making to create an integrated spatial index. Finally, in order to show the results of this index, the values for deterioration has been illustrated in 5 class from very low to very high deterioration at neighborhood scale of Tehran's 7th region. Comparison of the results of the index with the reference data, ameliorated activities as well as with field surveys, shows the high verification of the proposed index.

New Iranian towns were created mainly for the goals of reducing population burden and concentrating economic activity on large cities. Despite their thoughtful formation, practically it was not easy to achieve these two goals and many challenges were faced by urban managers in different dimensions. Given that achieving an acceptable level of cohesion in managing new towns requires analyzing and assessing these challenges and identifying the relationship and their impact on each other in a systematic and purposeful way, the goal of this study is to analyze these impacts. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used in the study for routing and determining the main coefficients of impact and measurement is in the form of expert questionnaires as the main tool. Research shows that there is a relatively strong, positive, and meaningful relationship among all the challenges identified and most concerned with the impact of the “institutional-administrative” challenge on the “facilities-services” challenge. But this challenge is significantly influenced by the “finance-budget” challenge, and it also influenced by the policy-making challenge. Similarly, the impact of other challenges on each other has been determined. The result of this study as a guide, while pointing out the focal points of interest for reform and improvement of the new urban management system, provide a good basis for designing a coherent urban management model in the new Iranian towns to improve the quality of citizenship in these towns. Keywords: New Towns, Urban Management Challenges, Structural Equation Modeling.

The extent of historical and worn-out contexts in Iran and the lack of attention to social strata in identifying such contexts, clarifies the need to pay more attention to social areas and places. One of the recent approaches in the field of restoration of historical textures is the "urban regeneration" approach, which has a comprehensive view of historical textures and its protection. The purpose of this study is to redefine the spatial indicators that promote social sustainability with an urban regeneration approach in the historical context of Sanandaj. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied. The data collection method was a survey method with a questionnaire. Sampling was random and using Cochran's formula, 400 people were selected for questioning. The data were then analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software including factor analysis, path analysis and structural equation tests. The results of factor analysis showed that the indicators of activity diversity, density and compactness, neighborhood landscape design, privacy and preservation of indigenous and local characteristics with numerical values of "0.854, 0.748, 0.871, 0.843 and 0.761" respectively have the greatest impact on the dimensions of activity, They have spatial-physical cohesion, justice, security and identity. Also, according to the results of AMOS, the indicators related to "identity" with numerical values of 0.687, 0.787, 0.751 and 0.698, respectively, and the indicators related to "justice" with numerical values of 0.801, 0.746, 0.543 and 0.677, respectively, have the greatest impact on They have social stability in the dysfunctional central fabric of Sanandaj.