Annals of Applied Sport Science
Volume:8 Issue: 3, Autumn 2020

Horse riding is one of the oldest sports competition in Iran held annually in provinces such as Golestan. However, the number of spectators present in these competitions is not comparable to sports such as football.

It’s necessary to study the behavioral tendencies of the Spectators of horse racing and its influencing factors.

It was a descriptive survey study and the statistical population included all spectators of horse racing of the Eighth Week Spring competition in Gonbad Kavoos, 2018 which included 3480 individuals. According to Cochran formula, 348 people were selected by available sampling method. Cheng et al. (2012) questionnaire was used for data collection of planned behavior model and Lee and Shiu (2015) questionnaire for tendency of spectator’s involvement at sporting event and spectators’ re-attendance questionnaire of Rio and et al (2011) were used. The internal consistencies of the questionnaires were obtained by Cronbachchr('39')s which were 0.89, 0.85 and 0.78, respectively. Structural equation modeling was used to test the research model.

The findings showed that the effect of attitude (β = 0.23, t = 3.74), subjective norms (β = 0.15, t = 2.78) and perceived behavior control (β = 0.35, t = -5.93) were positive and significant on the tendency of involvement of spectator in Horse Racing. Moreover, the effect of attitude (β = 0.34, t = 6.55) and perceived behavior control (β = 0.04, t = 0.83) were positive and significant on the spectators’ re-attendance to Horse Racing. Finally, the findings showed that the effect of subjective norms was not significant on the spectators’ re-attendance (β = 0.16, t = 2.37).

It can be concluded that the planned behavior model can be used to explain the behavioral tendencies of horse racing spectators during the Gonbad kavoos spring competition. Finally, increasing spectatorschr('39') knowledge of horse racing, offering attractive and entertaining programs for spectators during competitions and developing various promotional strategies to increase involvement and a desire for Horse Racing Spectators re-attendance are suggested for these competitions.

Today, having a strategic approach to human resources is essential. On this basis, identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of systems and processes of human resource management in any organization can influence its success or failure.

This study aimed to investigate the pathology of human resource management in Iran’s Ministry of Sports and Youth.

This study employed a mixed explorative (qualitative and quantitative) approach. The population in the qualitative part included two groups: the first group was the strategic committee that held with eight specialists; the second group included 23 participants selected through purposive sampling. Qualitative data collection to determine weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats were fulfilled by studying documents and Semi-structured interviews. In the quantitative part, the population included 62 of all managers in the ministry of sports and youth (assistant directors, general managers, the chief of offices, advisors, as well as experts of the department of sports and youth in the human resource section). There were completed and analyzed 46 researcher-made closed questionnaires. In this study, qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis of high-level documents for extracting mission statements; critical factors of the scope statement, pivotal values, critical factors of performance and finally, for identifying S, W, O and T. Also, quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, middle and criterion deviation and perspective statistics and binomial tests.

In a qualitative study after analyzing the collected data 4 strengths, 51 weaknesses, 5 opportunities, and 7 threats of the Ministry were identified. In a quantitative study, the results showed all systems and processes of human resource management in Iran’s Ministry of Sports and Youth should be renewed and modified based on scientific methods.

In general, the result of this paper showed human resource management in Iran’s Ministry of Sports and Youth is at WO situation. Therefore the mentioned organization should apply a conservative strategy to develop human resource management. Moreover, it showed that all five systems identified in the research (including Planning and supplying, Compensation and maintenance, Development of HR, Employee and labor relation, Leadership and organizational culture) should be renewed.

Organizations are always trying to retain and empower their talented employees so that they can perform well. However, they are still afraid of losing their human capital.

The purpose of this study was to design a job retention model for swimming coaches based on talent management and the quality of working life.

It was an applied descriptive-survey study. The statistical population included the swimming coaches of East Azarbaijan province (773 persons). According to the Cochran formula, 285 people were selected by a stratified proportional random sampling method. Data collection tools included Katajar Employeeschr('39') Talent Management Questionnaire (2012), Stephen, et al.chr('39')s (2015) Quality of Working Life Questionnaire and a Researcher-made Job Retention Questionnaire.

The results showed the direct and significant effect of talent management and quality of working life on job retention. The mediator role of quality of working life also had a mediating effect on the relationship between talent management and job retention. Finally, the proposed model has a good fit.

Since talent management system plays an essential role in enhancing the quality of working life and job retention of swimming coaches, managers and officials of swimming federation need to do careful planning to improve the talent management system.

Every entrepreneurial business sees its success factors differ depending on the nature of the products and services, but in any case, the success of entrepreneurship depends on a set of factors.

The purpose of this study is to design a model of entrepreneurship success in sports businesses.

The research method was qualitative and the data-base method was used to analyze participantschr('39') responses. It should be noted that data collection was done by reviewing the theoretical bases and interviews. The statistical population of this study consisted of faculty members of Entrepreneurship and Sport Sciences Management Faculties specializing in Entrepreneurship and Business Management at public universities, members and lecturers of the Employment and Entrepreneurship Working Group of the Ministry of Sport and Youth and Elected Entrepreneurs in Iran. Using the data base method, the sampling was done theoretically and after 20 interviews the model framework was formed. Data analysis was performed using three stages of open, axial and selective coding. After open coding, categories including causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and outcomes of entrepreneurschr('39') success in sports businesses were extracted, and then in the axial and selective coding stage, the link between these categories was formulated. The research paradigm model was determined.

Based on the results of the study, 12 indicators were identified in causal conditions, 7 in contextual conditions, 11 in interventional conditions, 13 in strategies, and 11 in outcomes.

Incorporating breakthrough benchmarks into managing a sports entrepreneurial business is about achieving a stronger and better position in the business environment and competing with competitors, thus keeping track of the success factors in an entrepreneurial business. The sport enables entrepreneurs to gain enough potential in the target market as well as in the field of commercial competition.

Numerous studies have been shown that exposure to recreational intense sounds increases the damages of the hearing system.

This research aims to measure the sound level in Darakeh mountainous region and the climbing routes.

The stationary method was used to record the measurement points. The sound level on the routes was measured in the distance of one meter, in A level and as an equivalent level by a portable device and Decibel X software (Version 2019) and compared with the standard sound (OSHA-90 dBA). Sound pressure level parameters (SPL), average sound level ((LP) ̅), equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) and personal daily dose LAEp, d was also calculated.

The research findings indicate that the lowest and highest average sound level belongs to the station 9 (roadside) with 68.1 dB and station 6 (Kolbeh Koohsar restaurant) with 81.73 dB, respectively. The results show the relatively high distance of sound level in most stations (except station 2) in comparison with the international standards. The average sound level in climbing routes, the equivalent level, and the personal daily dosage were 77.3, 87.69, and 86.44 dB, respectively.

Considering conditions of the region, the average time of athlete presence is one hour longer than the allowed time and they are exposed to high noise pollution which can be lead to physiological complications, aggression and temporary changes in the hearing threshold.

If we measure brand value accurately and properly, it can become a good measure for evaluating the long-term effects of marketing.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the value of brands in Iranian Futsal Premier League clubs.

The research method was descriptive and correlational studies. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the factors affecting the brand value of Iranian Futsal Premier League clubs using the Colin Model. The statistical population consisted of Futsal players (168 players), coaches (28 coaches) and club managers (14 managers) who served in the Iranian Futsal Premier League during 2017 - 2018. The sample size was n = 172 according to the questionnaire completion. We used a researcher-made questionnaire containing 35 questions consisting of seven components of Colin evaluation based on a five-point Likert scale for data collection.

The results showed that significant causal relationships were found among the seven components of the main model of research including stability, profitability, support, geographic expansion, security and protection, leadership and market and brand value. The results showed that support is the most effective parameter in brand equity of Iranian Futsal clubs.

It is therefore suggested that futsal clubs should take measures to attract non-governmental sponsors and provide the necessary infrastructure to support the club.

Home field advantage exists in all professional games including professional football. Studies have revealed persistent home advantage across countries and divisions. Although crowd effects have regularly been cited as one of the potential causes of home advantage, the effect of crowd size and crowd density on home advantage has not been demonstrated in any football league.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate this effect using a new theoretical framework and binary logistic regression.

Data collected for four seasons of five major European Leagues was processed. For this reason, 4 seasons and n = 8530 matches were analyzed starting from 2015 to 2019.

The model results suggest the presence of home-field advantage for all major European Leagues with varying degrees and varying shares attributable to the crowd support and crowd density.

In the present study, it was found that crowd support and crowd density are of great importance for home-field advantage.

Soccer players needs a very high level of fitness to play and avoid injuries reveals that the soccer game is extremely challenging and players has to perform variety of skills during the play and needs speed, strength, agility, quickness.

The purpose of this study was to find out the impact of plyometric and resistance training on selected fitness variables among university soccer playing adults.

A group of (N = 60) soccer playing adults were selected randomly to participate in this study. The age of the participants was in the range of 18 - 24 years, plyometric and resistance-training program was employed for 12 weeks, two days in a week, 40 minutes of training per session. These participants were segregated into two groups namely Group-A (N = 30, plyometric training group), Group –B (N = 30 resistance training group). The pre and post-test considered as follows; Leg strength (leg press), muscular strength endurance (sit-ups test) muscular power (standing long jump), speed (30.M sprint) and agility (Illinois agility test). To compare the mean differences; percentages by online calculator, mean, S.D and t-test by SPSS 16.

The improved performances among the participants with regard to the selected fitness variables presented by “P” values and percentages. Plyometric training group: Leg press (P = 0.00), Sit-ups test (P = 0.00), standing long jump (P = 0.00), 30.M Sprinting performance (P = 0.00), and agility (P = 0.01). Resistance training group: Leg press (P = 0.00), Sit-ups test (P = 0.00), standing long jump (P = 0.02), 30.M Sprinting performance (P = 0.00), and agility (P = 0.00). Plyometric and resistance training had shown significant performance from pre to post test.

It was also concluded that plyometric training group had shown better performance with regard to muscular power and speed. Resistance training group had shown improved performance in leg strength, muscular strength endurance, and agility.

This paper investigates how hosting a mega sports event such as the 2016 Rio Games – Olympic and Paralympic influence the Rio de Janeiro and Brazil image’ like popular destinations among tourists.

The following hypotheses guided our research to identify the more positive image of Brazil as a tourism destination.

A mixed research design combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. Participants were recruited at the Technische Universität München and in the city center of Munich, Germany. The two dimensions (cognitive and affective) of the tourism destination image were considered to elaborate a questionnaire survey, which mixes both qualitative and quantitative methods.

The significant factors influencing the intentions of a person to attend the Games in Brazil are the positive portrayed image of the country and their sport interest. According to the multiple regression conducted, the only variables, which have influenced people’s intention to go to Brazil for the Olympics, were the image of the country as a tourism destination (β = 0.404, p < 0.05) and sports interests (β = 0.259, p < 0.05). The same influence of these variables was observed when the independent variable is the intention to go for the Paralympics: an image of Brazil as a tourism destination (β = 0.377, p < 0.05) and sports interest (β = 0.205, p < 0.05) have influenced respondentchr('39')s intention.

Furthermore, the study revealed the hosting of the Olympic Games had a more considerable influence on a person’s intentions to visit the country than the hosting of Paralympic Games. It was also observed that the media played a significant aspect in the construction of an opinion on a tourism route. Also, a semantic analysis presented a different image’ of the country, even when the intention to attend the Olympics was low.

Today, the importance of budget performances has become more evident in the public and local sectors. In terms of transparency and accountability, it is essential to analyses the benefits and costs of the activities supported by the local government budget.

This study aims to the satisfaction of participants of the Istanbul Marathon is compared with the cost items spent during the organization. Material. The sample of this study consisted of 247 non-residents, and 1341 resident runners participated by voluntary selection.

Who participated in the 41st Istanbul Marathon. In the research, questions were asked by the participants during or before the Marathon in the questionnaire form. Also, the Likert system with a five-point scale was used in the questions to obtain the participants’ experience. The relations between variables are tested with factor analysis and correlation analysis.

The results of this study have shown that the most dominant variable among non-resident participants in the cost items in the event process was the start and finish organizations with 82%. Resident participants were found to have chip service with 91% of the dominant group. Also, prize money is the least dominant variable in the cost process in both non-resident and resident groups. In prize money, it has 47% in the non-resident group and 49% in the resident group. Moreover, all other cost items were deemed necessary by the participants between 59% and 91%.

In conclusion, the cost items spent within the scope of the Istanbul Marathon were evaluated by both resident and non-resident participants; it was determined that the lowest factor in both groups was the prize money. The requirement of all other cost items perceived by both resident and non-resident participants is over 50%. Therefore, the local government-sponsored the Marathon was supported by both non-resident and resident participants, where the principal expenditure items were required.