Annals of Applied Sport Science
Volume:5 Issue: 4, Winter 2017

It seems that based on the independent effects of physical activity and flax oil on pain, it is possible the interactions of these two effects reduces or mitigate the impact of pain or strengthen it.

This study investigates the effect of high-intensity interval training and flaxseed oil supplementation on hippocampal BDNF expression and pain feeling in male rats.

Twenty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (five in each group) including control-saline (CS), training-saline (TS), control-flaxseed oil (CO), and training-flaxseed oil (TO). The training groups were given high-intensity interval training (10 weeks, five sessions in week) on a rodent treadmill at 90–95% of VO2 max and supplement groups also received flaxseed oil (10 mg/kg per cage). Pain threshold was assessed by the hot plate test at a temperature of 55 ± 0.5 °C five days after the last session training. Then rats were sacrificed, their hippocamp tissue frizzed, and sent to laboratory to determine the BDNF gene expression.

The result showed that training significantly induced higher plasma BDNF concentration (p<0.001) and lower pain threshold (p<0.02). Training-flaxseed oil combination group induced significant increase in BDNF expression (p<0.04). There were no significant differences between the other groups.

The present study showed the useful role of flaxseed oil supplement and high-intensity interval training in increasing an important factor for Alzheimerchr('39')s disease. It also showed that, although intensive exercise may be accompanied with reduced pain threshold and increased pain feeling, it has palpable beneficial effects on memory enhancement.

Cardiac rehabilitation program is aimed at reducing secondary risk factors and improving function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting run which ultimately may delay or reduce mortality in patients. A major component of cardiac rehabilitation program is exercise.

This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of aquatic and dryland training on Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-ɑ (PPAR-α) gene expression in middle-aged women’s peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Thirty middle-aged women with cardiovascular disease were categorized into three groups comprising control (CON), aquatic resistance training (ART) and dryland resistance training (DRT). The dryland training program lasted for eight weeks of resistance training (3 sessions per week/ 60 minutes per session) and included two to three sets of 12-15 repetitions with 60% of 1RM. The aquatic resistance training lasted for eight weeks (3 sessions per week/ 60 minutes per session), with 60 to 80% of 1RM for each exercise primarily. Fasting blood samples were taken from all participants 48 hours both before the beginning of the training program and after the last training session. PPARα relative gene expression was identified by Real-Time PCR method.

It is showed a significant increase in the relative PPARɑ gene expression in both aquatic and dryland resistance training groups (F= 15.573, P= 0.001). It is found a significant difference in aquatic and dryland resistance training groups as regards PPARɑ gene expression (P= 0.001, t= -6.954; P= 0.001, t= -5.871; respectively). 

The results revealed that both of them on land and water training, increase PPARɑ gene expression in middle-aged women after coronary artery bypass and a possible reverse cholesterol transport process can be improved, so it is recommended that this type of training program, cardiac rehabilitation should be employed.

Although tapering techniques are widely used in a variety of sports, guidelines for the programming of optimal tapering strategy in wrestling have not been well established. So,

The propose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of tapering on plasma levels of pro- inflammatory cytokines and performance in elite male wrestlers.

Thirty elite male wrestlers participated in four weeks of incremental high intensity wrestling training (competition season), and so they randomly divided into three equal groups to continue the training for one week as Tapering 1 group (50% reduction in training volume), Tapering 2 group (75% reduction in training volume) and Control group (training with same volume). Blood samples were collected from all participants at the beginning of the 1st week and at the end of the 4th and 5th weeks. Plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were assayed using standard commercial ELISA kits. Aerobic and anaerobic power, sprint, agility, muscular endurance and strength tests were measured as performance factors.

The findings revealed that the performance score (F3,41=29.15; p<0.001), IL-6 (F2.729,36.839=116.7; p<0.001), and TNF-a (F2.846,38.428=8.11; p<0.001) elevated significantly after 4 weeks in all groups but it decreased, elevated, and elevated significantly during fifth week in Control group, respectively. Besides, after one week tapering (both 50% and 75% reduction in training volume) performance score and plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-a significantly elevated, decreased and suppressed, respectively.

Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels associated with decreased performance score and 1 week taper with 50% and 75% reduction in volume of training will essentially reverse these changes; and there are not any differences between two strategies of tapering.

Performing skilful movement patterns during sport practice sessions and real competition can cause negative adaptations in the musculoskeletal system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of postural abnormalities of the spine and shoulder girdle among professionals practising Sanda in Mazandaran province.

Forty professional Sanda athletes participated in this study. The photogrammetric technique was used to record and measure the angle of forward head and forward shoulder. A flexible ruler was used to measure the angle of kyphosis and lordosis.

Based on the findings, the prevalence of abnormalities in the athletes was respectively: 75% forward head, 80% forward shoulder, 85% kyphosis and 65% lordosis. Also, the average angles in athletes included: kyphosis 47±4.63, lordosis 47.40±7.18, forward head 48.02±2.15 and forward shoulder 54.12±2.05 degrees.

Based on the results, it appears that professional Sanda athletes have exposure to alterations in shoulder and spine position, thanks to the sporting condition and type of exercises. Of course, further studies should be performed with large samples to obtain confirmed results. However, coaches and athletes should consider special corrective exercise programmes and perform them to prevent such abnormalities.

the basal ganglia’s circuit dysfunction has a major role in a range of movement disorders. Some evidence has shown that exercise can improve performance, especially locomotor activity after brain injuries. There was currently insufficient information to define the impacts of intensity, duration, and frequency of different exercises.

in this study, we examine the role of mild forced treadmill exercise and GABA-B agonist on locomotor activity and anxiety-behavior dysfunction of ibotenic acid injection in striatum.

forty male Wistar rats were randomly split into five groups. The animals received ibotenic acid infusions into striatum bilaterally. Locomotor activities of rats were assessed by open-field apparatus.

Our results showed that mild forced treadmill exercise and GABA-B could significantly increase distance in open field and decrease anxiety-behavior in treadmill and drug groups than lesion group (P=0.008 and P=0.001 respectively).

 There is no significant difference between treadmill and drug groups. So, mild forced treadmill exercise and baclofen could improve motor dysfunction of lesion by ibotenic acid injection in striatum and anxiety-behavior.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the children’s active play imagery questionnaire.

For this purpose, 190 athletic children of the average age of 11.5 years were chosen through random sampling and they completed the Persian version of the children’s active play imagery questionnaire (CAPIQ). At first, the data was confirmed with the use of back translation methods and check translation accuracy. Then, a confirmatory factor analysis, based on the structural equations model, was done to determine the constructive validity of the questionnaire. To determine its internal consistency, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) in the test-retest method was calculated to assess the temporal reliability of items.

The confirmatory factor analysis results suggested that the approximation square mean root was 0.07 and the comparative fit index was 0.94. Three factors and 11 items were properly verified in the questionnaire. The results of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the ICC showed that the CAPIQ has appropriate internal and temporal consistency in answers.

Therefore, the Persian version of the CAPIQ can be regarded as a valid and reliable tool to be used by the researchers.

Sports injuries emanating from low-standard sports facilities and equipment are concerning because they can result in time lost from sports participation and school, social costs, and the economic costs of medical care.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the safety situation and the injury status of students in Ardabil city schools, Iran.

The study population consisted of all schools in Ardabil city. For data collection purposes, 153 checklists seeking to gauge the safety situation and the number of injuries among students were distributed among these schools.

The results from the Chi-square analysis indicated that, in general, there was a statistically significant relationship between the safety of the school sports areas and equipment on the one hand, and the frequency of injury incidence among the students on the other. With regard to the relationship between safety components and the factors involved in injury, Chi-square tests showed that among the five components of sport fields and equipment safety, only two components—namely sports ground and boundaries safety—had a significant relationship with the injury of students.

Hence, the authorities need to pay more attention to school safety components in general and the safety of sports grounds and boundaries in particular.

Now one of the necessary capabilities, to succeed in the field of competition is having knowledge and marketing skills in economic institutions.
Objectives. The goal of this study was Factors affecting development of marketing capability of collegiate sport.

This study is correlating, and, in view of objective, current research is practical. Populations consist of 5 groups which involve previous and present executive committee, administers of provincial committees, experts and employers of National University Sport Federation, headmen and experts of Sport administration and Sports directors of further education section of universities, contain governmental universities, Azad, Payam Noor, Practical and scientific, Hygiene and Therapy and Medical Science universities, and some members of the faculty of universities. In regard to limitation of populations, sampling method is all-counting.

The result showed that the totality of confirmatory factor analysis model have necessary fitting (GFI=0.90, RMSEA=0.045, p<0.001). The Results Showed that factor’s include management capability(T=16.06), marketing staff (T=14.81), marketing strategy (T=14.57), marketing information system (T=12.57), marketing organization (T=12.56), and branding capability (T=12.17), with significant Priorities respectively, were effective factor’s on marketing capability of National University Sports Federation of Islamic Republic of Iran. Also, marketing capability (T=11.10) has a positive and significant effect on marketing performance of National University Sports Federation.

According to obtained results from Opinions of university sport specialists and experts, it seems that managers of university sport should have Pay more attention to identified factors of university sport development that Which ranked respectively had the highest impact factor (Such as management capability, marketing staff and marketing strategy).

Today, success in international and championship sports comes with various benefits because of a sense of national pride, economic profitability, as well as diplomacy.

The aim of this study is to identify and analyse factors that are effective in promoting the national teams of Iran.

This study used a mixed method and data was collected through desk studies, interviews, and questionnaires. The study population consisted of managers, coaches and players of the national team as well as academics in the field of sports science. Sampling was at the purposeful stage, and 12 interviews were conducted until reaching a theoretical saturation. At the stage of distributing questionnaires, 384 participants were randomly selected using Cochranchr('39')s formula. Factors affecting improvement of the national team were identified after desk studies and semi-structured interviews. Ultimately, these factors helped form a questionnaire and after confirming its validity by 12 experts and reliability by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test, with reliability coefficient 0.94, the questionnaires were distributed to the samples so that the importance of these factors is determined in the promotion of national teams.

In desk studies and interviews with experts, 20 factors affecting the promotion of national teams were identified. Analysis of the data was obtained by the questionnaire by binomial test that showed that the effect of 16 factors out of the 20 is significantly higher than the average. Friedmanchr('39')s test results also showed that the main factors affecting the promotion of national teams include talent find, base teams, financial resources, coaches, facilities and equipment, procurement competition, and management stability.

Planning on the factors can contribute to the promotion of national teams.

A soccer ball is the principal piece of sports equipment for soccer and original brands compete with each other for a big pie of the market.

The aim of this study’s interpretive structural model (ISM) was to ascertain the factors that affect the intent to purchase original brand soccer balls.

First, by a study of the literature and by the use of the Delphi technique, effective factors impacting the intent to buy original brand soccer balls were identified. The ISM was then drawn up to show factors affecting the intent to buy an original brand soccer ball. The study’s population consisted of the country’s sports management professors as samples and eight experts were chosen in a targeted manner. The MATLAB2014 software was used for the implementation of the ISM.

The findings were shown in diagrams with five levels. The factor ‘ball appearance’ was at the fifth level, the factors ‘brand name’ and ‘country of manufacturer of brand’ was at the fourth level, ‘congruence of price and quality’ was at the third level, four factors of ‘brand identity’, ‘brand image’, ‘perceived value’, and ‘brand store sales’ were at the second level, and ‘intention to buy’ was at the first level.

An original brand soccer ball should be beautiful and have an attractive design. It must have a proper shape and it must create a unique identity so that the positive image of the product is accepted by customers. It must create value for customers when they weigh two aspects: What they have paid for it and what they have received.