Annals of Applied Sport Science
Volume:1 Issue: 2, Summer 2013

Due to the increase in obesity and sedentary lifestyle in today's world, encouraging the individuals to do appropriate and academic physical activities and studying sports programs with different structures are if great importance. The present paper aims to study the effect of 30 minutes interval short courses of running (4 rounds × 7:30 minutes) with a mean intensity of 60-75% of heart rate reserve (HRR) for 6 weeks on body composition and aerobic capacity (Vo2max) in untrained girl university students. Twenty six untrained girl university students aged 19 to 23 years old with a percentage of body fat (PBF) of more than 30 and a Vo2max of less than 40 ml/kg/min were randomly selected and into divided into two groups including training group (n=16) and the control (n=10). Weight, body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (BF%), lean body mass (LBM), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured as indicators of health before and after six weeks of trial. Findings of the present study showed that 6 weeks of interval running improved body composition and aerobic capacity of untrained girls. This means that there was a significant decrease in PBF, weight, and BMI of untrained girls. In addition, maximal oxygen consumption showed a significant increase (p≤0.05), while no significant change was observed in lean body mass. Findings of the present study indicate the importance of combining the short courses of work and rest for 30 min in a day. The present study merely discuss the effective role of interval short course training in stimulating and changing physiological adaptations and consequently improving the performance of cardiovascular system and body composition in untrained girls.

However the effects of endurance training on respiratory system is approved somedeal but, few and contradictory evidence exist concerning resistance training (RT), so the purpose of this research was therefore to study effects of eight weeks circuit RT (CRT) on pulmonary function of inactive women. Nineteen volunteer healthy inactive women were randomly divided into 2 groups: without training as control (C) and CRT. A spirometry test was taken 24 h before and after the training course. The training period (8 weeks, 3 sessions/week) for CRT involved two circuits/session, 40-60s for each exercise with 60-80% one repetition maximum (1RM), and 1 and 3 min active rest between exercises and circuits respectively. ANCOVA showed RT increased significantly (p<0.05) maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), peak expiratory flows (PEF), forced expiratory flows 25%-75% ( FEF 25%-75% ), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) but, vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio didn’t change significantly. The results may suggest that the CRT can improve some pulmonary function factors of healthy young inactive women beside of other benefits of this type of training for women.

The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of 4 months of detraining following 8 months of corrective exercises on lumbar lordosis of schoolgirls after maturity.The subjects were the girls having the increased lordosis in while they were in the 5th stage of tanner and fell into the experimental group (n=16) and the control group (n=16). The experimental group participated in corrective exercises program for 8 weeks. The lumbar lordosis was checked before and 8 weeks after the corrective exercises and it was clarified that those having the lumbar lordosis were healed. Then, 4 months of detraining were applied and rechecking was finally done.The findings show that 4 months of detraining following 8 months of corrective exercises lead to increase lumbar lordotic mean angle in the experimental group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). The observations indicate that although corrective exercises were effective on healing the lumbar lordosis of mature schoolgirls, 4 months of detraining let it be back. So, the subjects are required to participate in a continual program including corrective exercises in order to maintain the effect of the exercises, and this program is not to be abandoned after observing the desired results. Hence, correcting the lifestyle which is effective on the emergence of lumbar lordosis should be taken into account.

Happiness is a concept which has become of high importance for the past years because of its role in psychological well-being and the social health of people. The present research has been conducted to study the role of happiness in predicting the psychological well-being of male athlete students. A number of 100 physically active students were chosen through multistep cluster sampling out of male physically active students in the city of Miyandoab in the academic year 1391-92. They responded to the short scale depression-happiness of Joseph et al. (with the stability of 0.69) and Ryff’s scale of psychological well-being (with the stability of 0.68) having six components of self-acceptance, environmental mastery, positive relations with others, purpose in life, personal growth and independence. The results showed that there is a relationship between happiness and well-being (r = 0.53). Also, happiness, in a positive and meaningful way, predicts changes pertaining to psychological well-being (p < 0.001 r2 = 0.282). Enhancing and improving happiness along with physical and sportive activities may help increase psychological well-being of students.

In today's increasingly competitive business environment, the use of knowledge to gain a competitive advantage is vital. However, despite the increasing number of studies on sport management in developed countries, few studies have explored knowledge management in sport organizations. This paper aims to propose a model through an in-depth investigation of the previous and current studies on knowledge management establishment in sport organizations according to Delphi classic method. It is envisaged that this model can play a role in guiding the factors of knowledge management implementation in order to maximize its beneficial effects in sport organizations.

This study aims to survey the relationship between leadership styles of physical education (P.E) department managers with sports volunteers’ satisfaction. 173 of all heads of sport boards of Ardabil Province which were in active level (N = 180) responses to multi-factor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) and the volunteers’ experiences were used for satisfaction data. Reliability of the questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha) was α = 0.86 and α=0.92, respectively. Transformational leadership style, and pragmatic style have a positive (r=0.407 and r=0.253 respectively) and significant (P=0.001) relationship with volunteers’ satisfaction and there is a negative and significant relationship between inefficacious leadership style and volunteers’ satisfaction (r=-0.389, P=0.001). Also, there were significant differences between priorities of leadership styles of P.E department managers transformational (3.914±0.617), pragmatic (3.471±0.607), and inefficacious (2.094±1.057) styles were respectively at the first, second, and third priority. In terms of volunteers, social satisfaction, job satisfaction, and experience were the most important and material satisfaction was the least important dimensions. According to the results of this study, it seems that managers of physical education departments can use transformational and inspirational leadership styles for directing the volunteers in sport boards.