فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 65، بهار 1400)

Nowadays, new Corona disease has endangered the right to life and intellectual security of human beings. Hence, the role of governments in realizing the right to health by following the recommendations of the World Health Organization(WHO) and managing the emerged crisis, is of great importance to promoting social security.

Applying analytical-descriptive research method, the present article attempts to answer this question: "what is the impact of human rights obligations of governments under international treaties in managing the outbreak of COVID-19 and promoting social security?"

Nowadays, as a result of the outbreak of new Corona disease and the need to observe "quarantine, reduced traffic, masking and social distancing" human beings around the world have faced with occupational hazards and the widespread economic crisis, escalation of delinquency rate, risk of hunger and starvation on one hand, and reduction of access to health care, drinking water and healthy food, on the other. The best way to build reassurance is to ensure equal access of all citizens to health care and treatment services to meet the human rights obligations of governments.

The insecurity feeling emanated from the emergence of new forms of delinquency, especially in crimes against security, has led to adoption of preventive measures that allegedly violate human rights regulations under the slogan of the right to security. Hence, to prevent perpetrators of this type of crime from implementation of their subversive actions, those in charge of crime prevention resort to any tactics and put the security-oriented approach at the forefront of their actions. That is why the hostile discourse has prevailed in crimes against security.

Utilizing library study, the present descriptive-analytical study addresses the approach of criminal law in the light of prevention and human rights.
 

Instances of such preventive measures are: video surveillance, eavesdropping on telephone conversations, controlling Internet users' e-mails, messengers, prioritizing public rights, multiplicity of resolutions of the Supreme National Security Council. These measures have paved the way for the violation of individuals' certain rights, such as the right to privacy and human rights, which are considered mandatory rules, as far as human rights requirements are concerned.

The balance between the prevention of crimes against security and human rights is usually terminated in favor of preventive measures; and interestingly, this measure is also taken by the justification of human rights, as a guarantee of the right to security and the priority of public rights, which is not realistic.

Suggestions:

 Acceptance of participatory criminal policy and enforcing preventive measures with a predominant suspicion of committing crime could be merely justified in terrorist crimes and joint criminal acts; and this criterion should be applied in accordance with the law.

Cognitive-psychological system of police students as producers of behavior modifiable by experiences has features that identification of them can lead to suitable psychological training of police students. This was done with the aim of identifying the features of this system.

This is a qualitative research with a fundamental purpose that analyzed by thematic analysis method. The statistical population of this study consists of professors of psychology, experts and police education experts who until reaching to the saturation level, 18 of them purposefully participated in several meetings that were held as expert meetings.

The results showed that students' cognitive-psychological system, while maintaining psychosocial security, consists of two basic themes of intelligence and personality traits. Intelligence contains two sub-themes: logical intelligence and emotional intelligence. While personality traits contain sub-themes of extraversion, responsibility, flexibility, adaptability and resilience.

The themes of emotional intelligence (effective communication and good behavior) can be pursued by training in educating police students, while other themes such as accuracy and decision-making potency (in logical intelligence), collectivism, assertiveness and excitement (in extroversion), punctuality and task-orientation (Responsibility, altruism, curiosity, willingness to learn and be flexible with others (in flexibility), empathy and criticism, obedience (in adaptation) and perseverance, hope (in resilience) can be developed and deepened by designing purposeful situations. While rational intelligence and emotional intelligence are interactively related, extroversion affects emotional intelligence. Both types of intelligence affect the themes of responsibility, flexibility and adaptability, and the combination of these relationships is effective on resilience

Nowadays, communication and cyberspace play an important role in culture and shaping security. In this regard, attachment to the content of cyberspace wherein conflicting norms are being presented, has different impacts on individuals' cultural security, and today agencies in charge of security such as the police are involved in such missions. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of forecasting components of cultural security based on the degree of students' attachment to cyberspace.  

The present research in terms of aim is of applied type and in terms of nature and method is of descriptive type. The target population is undergraduate students of Tabriz Azad University. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, the 384 samples people were randomly selected through relative stratum sampling method, and answered questions in questionnaires dealing with cultural security and the extent people use cyberspace. Face validity was used to determine the validity of the relevant instruments, and Cronbach's alpha was used in final calculation. Their values ​​ were calculated to be 0.91 and 0.89, respectively. Finally; mean, standard deviation, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, variance analysis and multiple regressions were used to analyze the data.

The findings indicated that the extent students used cyberspace was above average, and cultural security based on the degree of attachment to cyberspace has a significant relationship with the component of adherence to religion with a value of %13.6, conventions are %12.3, sense of belonging to national identity is %7.1, social justice is %10.2, social trust is %8.5 and sociability is %8.2 are foreseeable, based on virtual attachment style.

Therefore, precise planning in relation to youth cultural security programs, in order to be aware of the new unhealthy situation of cyberspace in the growth and dynamism of various dimensions of identity should be considered by the relevant executive and responsible bodies. And through taking appropriate measures, including strengthening capital and social media literacy, they need to prevent a decline in moral and cultural security level among youth.

The present study is aimed at evaluating the social capital and cultural factors impacting Damghani citizens' security feeling, and has addressed the relationship between social capital, social control, social vitality as social variables; and religiosity and media consumption as cultural variables, and social security feeling as a dependent variable.

The methodological approach of the present study is of quantitative survey method type. The statistical population consists of all citizens over 18 years of age in Damghan city. Based on the SPSS sample power, 330 citizens were selected. The sampling method is multi-stage cluster and random. Data were also collected using a researcher-made questionnaire.

According to the research results, the coefficient of regression analysis of independent variables is 56%. The results of path analysis of independent variables indicate that the most important independent variables in explaining security feeling are media utilization, religiosity and social capital, respectively. Independent variables of media utilization, religiosity and social vitality have had positive impact on social security feeling. In addition, independent variables of social capital and social control have had negative impact on social security feeling and their change has had reverse impact on changing security feeling.

Given the results of the study, social security feeling may be enhanced by expanding social control by community-oriented police and establishing relationship with citizens and through their participation, as well as promoting the level of social vitality.

One of the basic components in social development is security feeling, and women as a part of the society have an effective role in the development of societies. An important approach considered in advanced societies is to enhance security of our surrounding in order to improve status of parks as one of the most important components of urban space. The present study aims at investigating women's security feeling, stressing social productivity and our surrounding security in "Koodak Park", which is known as the busiest and oldest parks in Ilam.

Descriptive-analytical research method with the aim of ranking variables and indicators of security in Ilam "Koodak Park" using SPSS, which was analyzed by Friedman test, Kruskal-Wallis H test. Information was collected using a questionnaire with seven indicators and 38 items based on the responses of women visiting to the park. The number of questionnaires (382 questionnaires) was determined based on Cochran's formula, and in order to compensate for probable errors, the number was increased to 400.

The results of Kruskal-Wallis H test indicated that surrounding, social, surrounding, monitoring, management, access and furniture security indices, respectively have the highest to lowest impact on the safety of the under study park . From the users' point of view, surrounding security and social and surrounding behaviors are among the most influential indicators on women's sense of security in the park. The significance level stands at 0.000, so it is significant at the level of more than %95, and the relationship is confirmed and the hypothesis is accepted.

Background and aim:

One of the aspects of the police organization success is the degree it is trusted in by members of the community. In fact, its power highly depends on the support and approval of the society and also the ability of the members of this organization to attract and maintain people's trust in the police organization. The present study seeks to investigate the factors affecting social trust in the police in the city of Khorramabad.

The present research is of survey type and the statistical population of the study (N=384) is all people ranging from 15 to 75 years old in this city. The people have been selected using multi-stage cluster sampling.

The results of the research indicate that there is a significant relationship between police performance, media utilization, security feeling, and crime experience and police populism with the variable of trust in the police. The results of the regression table show that police performance, crime experience, media utilization, social security feeling and universalism have the greatest power to explain the changing variables of trust in the police,  have respectively the highest potential in explaining changes in  the variable of trust in police . Independent variables, in total, could explain %63 of the changes in dependent variable.

In crises such as the spread of the Corona pandemic, where facilities and resources become scarce for various reasons, people turn to anomalies to pursue benefits, and consequently the crises are intensified, social resilience is disrupted and is associated with security dimensions. In contrast, governments use some tools to manage the crisis: declaring a state of emergency, curfew, decisive punishment, and essential restrictions. In Iran, this issue led to some social disputes in the notion of spoiling of some rights and accesses, some of which led to private justice and self-willed actions, while the government could prevent it. The question raised in the article is: "In a law-abiding system how could we prevent social unrest and how could we prevent anomalies during crises such as crisis of contagious diseases?"

The research method in this article is library collection and the analysis method is of descriptive type. The present study aims to "investigate the relationship between government performance and emergence of social anomalies in times of health emergencies, including Corona" in order to "provide legal solutions (whether enacting law or enforcing law) to prevent social anomalies."

Researches show that the emergence of social anomalies under the assumed conditions goes back to two factors: first, people's social perceptions of unequal access created due to government performance; second, the emergency management system deployed by the government. The article proposes that the government should prevent social harassment through news transparency and enactment and enforcement of law in some areas of economic support and social services, while guaranteeing the fundamental rights of individuals and their equal access to basic facilities.

Foreign tourists' social security feeling and its impacts on their loyalty are among the most important issues that influence tourism trends in the urban space. The present study aimed to analyze the impact of social security feeling on the loyalty of foreign tourists in Sanandaj.

This research has been developed with an explanatory approach based on survey. The statistical population of the study is foreign tourists who have visited historical and recreational places in Sanandaj. SPSS and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

The findings indicate that social security feeling has had a positive impact on the loyalty of foreign tourists. The coefficient of determination (R²) also indicates that %33.8 of the total variance of changes, the degree of social security among tourists is attributed to the component of police performance, and among the components of police performance, the component of police active presence is generalized and has more relationship with foreign tourists' social security feeling.

The results of regression analysis between predictor variables of physical security components of urban spaces and foreign tourists' loyalty indicated that components such as security of residence, safety of the accommodation of foreign tourists (crime-free), and order in places visited by tourists, account for the highest figures. Police performance, physical security of urban spaces, security of interaction and communication with the host community have been identified as the three main factors in determining the social security feeling and affecting the loyalty of tourists. Strengthening the social security feeling could enhance the level of loyalty of foreign tourists.