نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و دوم شماره 10 (پیاپی 101، دی 1399)

Knowledge and information on the environment play a major role in the activities of the community. These information’s pave the way for the development of human societies and reduce environmental problems. Today, environmental threats have been taken into consideration by human beings and focused on public opinion. The reason for these threats is that it has created major problems in terms of environmental sustainability and, on the other hand, much attention has been paid to the issue of sustainability and environmental health in agricultural production due to its harmful effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and prioritize factors affecting wheat production with an emphasis on environmental sustainability.

the statistical population includes 50 experts and experts in agriculture Jihad in Sistan region, using fuzzy hierarchical analysis and demetal analysis techniques.

The results of the fuzzy AHP indicate that the educational-promotional dimension is the highest (0.45) and then management (0.31), technical (0.12) and economic (0.10) respectively. Also, the results are shown using the DEMATEL method The first educational extension followed by the administrative, technical and economic dimensions of 34.44%, 32.17%, and 33.31% on wheat production in Sistan region.

Therefore, it is recommended that educational programs be promoted by the farmers of Sistan Agricultural Jihad for wheat farmers, taking into account the farmers' needs and the rural conditions of the region.

Urban Expansion and problems regarding urban life raise the necessity of providing actionable strategies to improve urban inhabitants’ life. Today, with increasing tunnel constructions, safety in tunnels has been the issue for engineers, government officials and authorities. In order to standardize and safety enhancement, safety assessment is the first priority to adopt relevant measures to improve safety level in tunnels. Generally, regarding to the limited spaces in urban tunnels, accidents in tunnels may result in more critical conditions. Occurring of these accidents may disturb the tunnel’s function, which may lead to fire, respiratory problems etc. Given to critical condition after the accidents, therefore, it is required to adopt appropriates methods for safety factor assessment in crisis management of tunnels. The present study address safety and biological factor assessment in crisis management of urban tunnels after that we would investigate the differences between Tohid, Resalat and Shohadaie Qazeh tunnels.

To analyze data, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used.

The highest level of risk associated with Tohid tunnel and the lowest level of risk associated with Shohadaie Qazeh tunnels.

The results of research in 1396 show that the ventilation system has the highest weight and drainage has the lowest weight and Tohid tunnel has the first rank.

Nano-sorbents are suitable for pollutants removing from aqueous environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare magnetization of magnetic graphene oxide nano-composite by using co-precipitation and solvothermal methods. In addition, the capability of nano-adsorbent was conducted in order to examine removal efficiency of Cd (II) from aqueous solution.

Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by modified Hummers method and magnetized using co-precipitation and solvothermal procedures. The amine functionalization of as-prepared magnetic graphene oxide was performed by reflux method in the presence of ethylenediamine as functional group and cold synthesis method in the presence of dichloromethane as reaction solvent. The synthesized adsorbents were used for Cd (II) removal from aqueous solutions and the effects of pH, amount of adsorbent, contact time, initial concentration of Cd (II) ions and temperature were investigated.

According to FTIR, XRD and VSM analyses, the synthesized magnetic graphene oxide with co-precipitation showed higher magnetization values than that of from the solvothermal method. The adsorption results displayed that the synthesized adsorbent with solvothermal and reflux processes of amination has the highest adsorption capacity of 207 mg.g-1. But it is only 82 mg.g-1 with co-precipitation and cold amination process. Kinetic data showed better correlation with pseudo-second-order equation and the Freundlich model was found to fit for the isotherm data.

The magnetization values of adsorbent in co-precipitation method was better while the adsorption capacity reduced. The loss of adsorption capacity was due to high loading of magnetic particles under surface of GO, which leads to block the carboxyl functional groups. This was also confirmed by elemental analysis. The amount of nitrogen was lower in co-precipitation process comparing to solvothermal method. In batch adsorption, the adsorption process was found to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The results suggest that the solvothermal and reflux procedures was more efficient in amine functionalization and adsorption process.

The critical global environmental degradation that day on the depth and scope of this crisis increases. If are not serious consideration to solve its, human will face disaster. Higher education institution is expected to provide appropriate training, knowledge to change attitudes and behaviors of students to provide environmental protection.

This research is qualitative and based on Grounded Theory approach, protective attitude towards the environment is studied. Sampling method was purposive and agriculture students were selected and they were interviewed. Central question of this research include aspects of how students? What are their strategies for environmental protection?

The results showed explain the attitude of students towards environmental protection, "environmental  destructive activities", "a little knowledge and awareness of environmental," "culture of respect for the environment", "consistently look the environment "," programs that support environmental protection "and" environmental protection educational programs " is.

The results also showed that one of the students strategies to protect the environment, changing attitudes through educational programs of protect the environment. Therefore, it is suggested that universities establish curricula and courses to promote a culture of respect for the environment.

Today, hazard of surface and underground water contamination with heavy metals has led to a global concern. Therefore, the current study was carried out to assess the effects of different types and rates of biochar on irrigation water heavy metals content.

For this purpose, 12 different biochars were produced using 6 different biomasses including wheat stubble, pea stubble, maize residual, reed stem and leaves, olive meal and beet pulp at 500 and 700 C under low oxygen condition. According to specific area results, cation exchange capacity and infrared spectrophotometry, wheat stubble, reed stem and leaves and residual maize biochars, which produced at 700 °C were selected for further studies. Then effect of nine levels of these biochars on irrigation water heavy metals (cadmium, nickel and lead) content were investigated using a completely randomized design(CRD) with three replicates. 

The results indicated that increase in temperature significantly reduce biochars yield, volatile compound percentage but increase acidity, cation exchange capacity, specific area and ash percentage. In addition, the results revealed that biochars and their applied doses could significantly reduce heavy metals content in irrigation water.

Increase in specific area, cation exchange capacity and acidity led to heavy metals elimination from irrigation water. Application of MB700 (compared with WB700 and RB700) and WB700 (compared with MB700 and RB700) could significantly reduce cadmium and nickel, respectively, whereas the effect of MB700 and WB700 in eliminating of lead was more pronounced than RB700. The maximum cadmium, lead and Nickel reduction was related to apply 32 g per liter biochar.

Given the importance of the natural environment for human life, any damage and destruction is unreasonable and unacceptable. Being the subject of disagreement among different jurists, the basis of responsibility for environmental damage has been fluctuated between human and the environment. Consequently, the discussion of environmental damages and the necessity to compensate for them has always focused on human beings and any assessment of environmental damage in judicial or arbitration courts has been based on human rights. The International Court of Justice, in its recent judgment in the dispute between Costa Rica v. Nicaragua, for the first time in its history, recognized the notion of "pure environmental damage" and proceeded to assess these damages. The present article, analyzing the judgment of the Court about the concept of “pure” environmental damage and the method of its valuation, through a descriptive-analytic method will conclude that the pecuniary valuation of all dimensions of environmental damage is not so consistent with the reality and the appropriate methods will be proposed.

Comments regarding futurism and portraying the future development lead trends in the field of planning and rational exploitation of resources. Ghoorichay is one of the catchments in the north of Ardabil province that has critical role in local people’s livelihood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ecological land capability and determine the suitability rate for agriculture and range activities in Ghoorichay catchment.

First, by reviewing of the sources, the agriculture capability evaluation criteria were defined. In the next step, all of the criteria were imported to the Geographic Information System (GIS) with the same format and were standardized. Then, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and binary comparison matrix were used to weight to the criteria and sub criteria and finally, all of the criteria were combined using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method.

Based on the results 9811/42 hectares (82/85%) for agricultural activity and 2-27/31 hectares (17/15%) for rangeland activity have potential.

According to the results, there is not a balanced relationship between current land uses and the land ecological capability for agriculture and range management in the study area.

Climate change is today's problem and tomorrow's crisis. In this study, the effect of climate change on selected products and land usage was investigated in four regions in Mazandaran province.

Firstly, time series variables of temperature and rainfall were examined during 1981-2012. Also we study the effect of annual mean temperature and rainfall, as the proxies of climate change, on the performance of under-cultivation wheat, barley and rice farms by using regression analysis from 1981 to2012. In the next step, the scenario effect of increasing 1-degree temperature and deceasing 1-mm precipitation on land usage and performance of agricultural crops were analyzed using regression analysis and considering them in Positive Math Programming model (PMP).

The results of regression analysis showed that there was a noticeable temperature increase and rainfall decrease. In addition, they showed that climate change has a significant effect on wheat, barley and rice performance.

The results of PMP model analysis showed a change in land use to increase rice and barley cultivation. The findings show that the climate change effect is not necessarily negative on all crops, so we can pay attention to the positive effects as well and utilize them in optimum exploitation of resources and the region's facilities.

Due to rapid changes in the status of competitors, technology and customer preferences, companies cannot always rely on their existing products. Customers are looking for products with better quality and more advanced and offer new products and companies are forced to respond to the needs, tastes and expectations of our customers, one of the important ways to supply quality products and good performance in product design, failure analysis or risk assessment.

this article evaluate the performance of the product components in the computer services industry to the risks and possible consequences in terms of product identification and rank. For risk assessment, data were collected from ten experts of scientific competence and to complete the decision-making matrix. Fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods were used for data analysis. These methods in Microsoft Excel were used.

Based on fuzzy VIKOR results, the A5 in the fuzzy approach has the lowest value of Qi and therefore performs better than other options. Based on the results of the fuzzy PROMETHEE, the A4 in the fuzzy risk assessment is larger than φ (a) and therefore performs better than other options.

Based on fuzzy VIKOR result, A5 is better compared to other options. Based on the results of fuzzy PROMETHEE A4 is better compared to other options.

Despite the increasingly trend of developmental activities that are likely to change the structure and change or eliminate landscape functions and processes in Iran ultimately, it seems necessary to consider the visual effect in EIA studies especially in northern ecosystem of the country.

This study aimed to quantify the visual criteria of naturalness and complexity using SHDI, SHEI, PLAND, LPI, PR, PD, and NP measurements in the area of Tonekabon's Dohezar-Sehezar watershed from two viewpoints. The visible range, after land use mapping and production of DSM and transmitting of visibility points to GIS, was obtained using the Visibility instruction in GIS, which analyzed the visible range at two points.

According to the PLAND index, the highest amount pertained to forest land use, and their amounts for forest, agriculture, and rangeland land uses found 0.1499, 0.0001, and 0.0021 respectively that detected the naturalness in the first- viewpoint was more than the second viewpoint, and this area has been less affected by human interferences. At the second point, except for the SHEI value which was less than the first point ( 0.0927), the amount of SHDI (0.0927), PR(7000), PD (2.507), and NP(2058000) indices grater than second point obtained.

The use of landscape metrics with regard to their capabilities can be a useful step to early identification of the impacts of development on the structure of landscape. The proposed approach can be the basis for developing a new method to understanding the effects of landscape changing in planning and management fields.

Increasing awareness and concerns about environmental damages has led communities to take solutions to this problem. Taxation of pollutant emissions is one of the strategies recommended by economists to achieve some of the environmental objectives and eliminate contamination. The purpose of this study is to estimate the willingness to pay an environmental tax on gasoline.

In this study, a conditional valuation method (CVM) is used to measure individuals' willingness to pay for goods and services. The statistical population of this research is gasoline-fueled cars in Mashhad in 2017, due to the lack of information on the number of vehicles, the number of unlimited society has been considered. In this study, 500 people were selected by simple random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. It’s validity was confirmed using content validity.

The results indicate that 77 percent of all respondents tend to pay environmental taxes on urban air, while 22 percent of the population are not willing to pay any amount under the name of the pollution tax. Approximately 3% have not been self-reported regarding their willingness to pay.

Based on the research findings, environmental beliefs has a positive and significant effect on the willingness to pay tax on gasoline; therefore, it is suggested that cultural and informational platforms be developed before clarifying the need for environmental taxes before planning for such a tax.

Despite the historical background of the Khalkhal county, there are still insufficient studies to identify the native architecture, especially the rural architecture of this region. Because of a tourism path construction, between Khalkhal county and Masouleh city, through the Shahrood tourist valley, this study seeks to identify the physical – spatial characteristics of the native housing of villages located along this valley, in order to preserve and apply it in future developments.

The research method is qualitative one and data analysis is done by descriptive-analytical method. After field studies in Shahrood valley villages, the study species have been selected in terms of the dominant features of the native architecture from the “Shal, Kolur, Derow, Asbu and Askastan” villages and analyzed. Physical-spatial characteristics, such as plan form, architectural elements, materials and methods of construction, roof form, openings ratio, the ratio of mass to space, and functional relationships, have been surveyed and analyzed.

Dense rural fabric, extroverted and compact architectural form, small openings, porch and columnar Telaar, wooden torrehs, sloping roofs, regarding terrain slope and using local materials are the characteristics of the rural housing architecture in this region. Also in most species, the service space is located on the ground floor and the living space is on the first floor.

The results show that all studied species are extroverted, and have porch, Telaar and wooden torreh as the fixed and dominant elements. The species can be classified in two types: The houses with porch, having closet space and houses with porch, but without closet space. In general, rural housing pattern of this region, is affected by the cold climate of Khalkhal region in “plan form, structure and materials, openings and  the ratio of mass to space and functional relationships”.

housing structure has been constantly forming and changing during history and has been influenced by thounsands of phenomena and factors. Life style and aesthetic taste as evidences of living culture form the architecture framework. House, is the place of the formation and presentation of culture and is the most basic space in which every individual experiences his being. The present study is following the effect of living culture in general and life style specifically on household objects system (mentally and functionally) from the perspective of Bourdieu. 

the present study is a qualitative research based on descriptive-analytical research method. The population are the young couples living in residential buildings located in district two in Qazvin which 310 persons among them has been chosen randomly. In this study, the researcher’s queastionaire has been used after making sure of its reliability and justifiability and then has been distributed among sample. In order to analyze the data, correlation and regression in spss 22 soft ware has been utilized.

results of the study have shown that there is a positive and meaningful relation between the individuals’ life style and theirs household object system in the sample population.

  According to the analyses, it seems that the “mode”, i.e. what becomes fashionable throughout a society as a communal model, can play a major role in the system of functional home appliances. This communal taste can affect the selection of colors, furniture, arrangement, type of functional appliances, etc. The family structure in terms of tradition or religious beliefs may also influence the application of abstract objects at home.

The thermal behavior of underground buildings is different from that of above ground buildings. The approaching temperature of the inner layers of the earth to the average annual outdoor temperature reduces the heat exchange of these buildings compared to buildings on the ground. Reducing energy consumption reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using geothermal energy in buildings to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the city of Hamedan with cold climatic conditions in 2019.

The simulation was performed by using version 8-1-0 of Energy Plus software. In the model, a standard 900 Ashrae sample space with residential usage was considered. At first the building was located on the ground as default and its energy consumption was set to 0/424 MWh /m2. In later stages, the sample is gradually placed in depth in successive steps equal to 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 meters.

findings showed that in each depth, 14.51%, 28.38%, 44.56%, 57.25%, 74.70% and 79.07% of the annual energy requirements of the sample space has been reduced. On the other hand, in each scenario, the carbon dioxide pollutant emissions as the main greenhouse gas, has been declined to 0.65, 1.27, 1.99, 2.57, 3.35 and 3.55 percent, respectively.

Therefore, It was concluded that Placement of buildings under the ground reduces carbon dioxide pollutant emissions in environment.

Considering the limited water resources and organic matter deficiency in Iran, joint application of super absorbent polymer and organic manure can be effective option to improve soil physical and chemical properties, fertility and maintenause of water storage. The purpose of this study was investigation the effect of super absorbent polymer on the amount of releasing of nutrients from manure in low humidity levels.

An experiment was conducted in a factorial form based on a completely randomized design with 18 treatments and three replications. The first factor was  amendment type and amount including six levels consists of a) no amendment (C), b) super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2 % W/W (AS0.2), g) super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.4% W/W (AS0.4), d) manure in rate of 2%W/W (M), m) combination of super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2% W/Wand manure in rate of 2% W/W (AS0.2+M), h) combination of super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.4%W/W and manure in rate of 2%W/W (AS0.4+M). The second factor was humidity with three levels including 80 % (h1), 70% (h2) and 60% (h3) of field capacity.

Results showed that application of super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2% W/Wand manure in rate of 2% W/W was more effective in improving chemical  soil properties such as increasing available phosphorus, available potassium, field capacity and cation exchange capacity and decreasing available sodium. In most cases there was not significant difference between super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2% W/Wand manure in rate of 2% W/W and super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.4% W/Wand manure in rate of 2% W/W.

 Regarded to results it can be suggested that joint application of super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2%W/W and manure in rate of 2%W/W was the best treatment in low humidity levels.

Nowadays, many cities have caused the destruction of natural environments due to their unplanned and unlimited expansion in our country. Land capability evaluation can be an effective step in planning for the proper use of the land. In this research, Meshkin-shahr town was selected for urban development ecological capability evaluation due to exposure to environmental hazards.

Then, main criteria including slope, height, aspect, and distance from main road, distance from active faults, distance from river, land use, climate and distance from urban settlements were selected. Weighing to criteria was done using analytical hierarchy process and standardization was implemented with fuzzy method and then in the environment of the geographical information system of the layers was combined with the linear weighting process and the map of the appropriateness of urban development was prepared. Then, the layers were overlaid with weighted linear combination model in ARC/GIS and land suitability map of urban development was prepared.

Based on the results, slope and accessibility to main road have great role in urban development ecological capability evaluation of the town. Also, based on results 584.99km2 (15.62%) are not proper, 946.24 km2 (25.26%) have medium suitability, 1809.86 km2 (48.33%) have high suitability and 403.6 km2 (10.77%) have very high suitability for urban development in Meshkin-Shahr town.

Based on results central area in Meshkin shahr town have the highest potential for urban development and the other area should assign to another landuse by implementation of land use planning process.

Grazing as one of ecological disturbances causes changes in soil characteristics of rangelands. This study was carried out to study the effect of Grazed pasture on plant cover, microbial deposits and some soil characteristics of Gonbad in Hamedan.

Five transects of 1000 meters were considered separately for soil characteristics in each region (grazed and ungrazed). Systematic sampling of soil was performed every 100 meters in May 2016. The elements of Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectrometer, acidity with pH meter, bulk density from clavicle method, total nitrogen from Kjeldahl method, organic carbon and soil organic matter by the oxidation method of Walkybak and Zeitous Carbon microbial was calculated by quenching-extraction method.

After analyzing, it was determined that the concentrations of K and Zn in the soil of the sample area and the concentration of Mg in the soil of the control area increased significantly at 5% level. Soil acidity in the control area increased from 7/1 in the sample area to 7/23. Soil moisture content decreased significantly in the control area and from 27.11% in the sample area reached 18.12%. Soil bulk density in the control area was 1.16 g / cm3, which decreased significantly in the sample area and reached 0.98 g / g / cm3. The carbon microbial biomass was significantly differed in the soil of grazed and control areas. The comparison of the mean microbial carbon content in studied rangelands showed that this parameter ranged from 0.83 g / kg in the control area (grazed) to 0.95 g / kg and increased significantly.

 The exclosure area has been enclosed with exclosure, soil characteristics in the path of sequencing and achieving ideal conditions, but it still needs attention and continued conservation.

Physical development of cities around the world is influenced by its natural geography and human interactions. Geographic data analysis is difficult without the use of geographic information and satellite data, and impossible in a complex case. In this study, potentials and barriers of physical development of the Ruodbar city using Remote Sensing and GIS be evaluated.

Firstly, in the ArcGIS software environment, using the AHP-FUZZY combination method the use of slope, gradient, land use, power lines, river, road and rail, fault and rural points are used to locate the urban sprawl. The output was extracted in the form of a map of AHP and fuzzy overlay into five groups with very good, good, moderate, weak and very weak potential. In order to expand the city's physical development by using a visual interpretation on Google Earth images for 2016, 2009, 2004 for 12 years, a map was drawn out as the result. Finally, the results obtained from the Geographic Information and Visual Interpretation System were compared.

The findings of the AHP-FUZZY compilation show that 95.6% of the study area has very weak potential, 1. 52% has a weak potential, 1.17% has a moderate potential, 1.21% has good potential and 0.69% has a very good potential. And the findings from the visual interpretation method over the course of 12 years show that the development of the city is just Mehr Housing (a project done government).

Based on the findings of the AHP-FUZZY Compilation and Metrology Measurement, we concluded that most of the constructions have been implemented in unpredictable places in the city of Roodbar, which is influenced by natural and inevitable factors, including steep slope, abundant faults, permanent existence of Sefidrood river, and land use, most of which are gardens and forests and agricultural land and has prevented its physical development.

Phenolic compounds are one of the most important pollutants that poison water resources. Presence of phenol and its derivatives in water and wastewater is a major concern due to its toxic threat to human, animals and environment. Therefore, identifying and tracking these pollutants as well as identifying ways to control and eliminate them is very important in order to protect the environment, treatment of sewage and healthy drinking water supply. In this research, the main goal is to eliminate phenol from aqueous solution,with high initial density by Heterogeneous photocatalysis in the slurry reactor with the quality of Pyrex glass.

First,Response Surface Methodology was used for nanocatalystTiO with hydrogen peroxide and 250 watts UV radiation,to find optimum conditions for the removal of phenol from aqueous solution using heterogeneous photocatalysis.Then,SBA-15, which is highly capable of eliminating phenol due to its porous structure comparing to other absorbents, and then TiO /SBA-15 were synthesized. Finally, the structure and physical properties of Nano composite were detected by analysis XRD, BET, FESEM, and TEM.

Results of phenol elimination out of aqueous solutions by Heterogeneous photo catalyst and Phenol removal efficiency of 96% at a concentration of 100mg / l at the time of 420 minutes, respectively. Use of Response Surface Methodology to determine optimal conditions is one of the most effective methods to achieve the desired goal in this study.

According to the results, mesoporous materials containing TiO 2 compared with pureTiO 2 ,have high efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants.

Housing is one of real phenomenon and primary subjects that human always face with and he/she is trying to it’s transition and finding proper , rational response for it. Currently , presented subject about housing at world level relate to deficiency and shortage of housing and resident units and also discussions about resident and housing units quality don’t regard in some places approximately. It is regarded for housing and resident planning in every city and finding housing quality space measurement response is one of basic requirements. So , the aim and purpose of current research is measuring housing indices space inequalities at Ardebil city in order to implementation correct and better planning for housing part.

Current research is applied according to aim& purpose and it is analytical- descriptive based on nature and used methodology. Requirement data were extracted from Ardebil city statistical data blocks at 1390. Research statistical society in Ardebil city at 1390 include statistical blocks. To investigation of inequality position of housing quality indices and recognition of space pattern , inequality development ; we have been used spatial statistical models , Hot Spot analysis, Morans I spatial auto- correlation in Arc/GIS software.

According to implemented studies , Ardebil city blocks are located in inequality position based on housing quality indices and also districts , regions and sectors which they are located on Northwest and Western parts ; have improper situation about housing quality indices , but central and southern sectors of this city have proper position in mentioned subject.

Housing quality indices with inequality distribution pattern in Ardebil city study by clustering method and also there is significant relationship between housing quality and social classes in this city. It is necessary to regard urban planning , housing plans in Ardebil city and Northern , Northwest ( Urban –Rural tissue) parts and they need more pay attention.