فصلنامه خانواده پژوهی
پیاپی 65 (بهار 1400)

Regardless validity arguments, require-ements and effects of option of conditions, determining the scope of its utilization needs serious attention. The question raised here is that is it possible to stipulate option of conditions in marriage contract in Sunni and Shia jurisprudence? Here are the two main ideas. A group of Shia and Sunni jurists believe that not only the option of conditions but also the marriage contract is void because the aforementioned option is contrary to the requirement of the substance of contract. Another group, pointing out some reasons such as illegality of these conditions, believes that the option of conditions is void, not the marriage contract. However, the main reason bro-ught forth by the proponents of these ideas is the consensus on voidance. The first group believes that the consensus includes the option of conditions and the contract, and the second group limits it to the option of conditions. This research shows that all of the reasons of above-mentioned ideas have problems and it is unable to prove the voidance of the marriage contract and even the option of conditions; in other words, both the marriage contract and the option of conditions are valid.

The aim of this study is to investigate the contribution of parental divorce in the formation of attribution and incompatible standards of relationship. The statistical population of this study is consists of married people with and without parental divorce experience.  Sampling of the present study was done in two stages. In the first stage, 69 married people with experienced parental divorce were selected by the available method; then 69 married people without parental divorce experience who were matched with the first group based on gender, age, city and education were sampled and entered the study. In order to assess the standards of cohabitation and relationship attributions of married people, the standard of living standard (SRSI) and the attribution of relationship attributions (RAM) were used, respectively. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance. The experience of parental divorce does not generally determine the living stan-dards of individuals and only leads to a decrease in the investment criteria expr-essed by their children. Therefore, these children are less inclined to express affection in their relationship with their spouse. Parental divorce can also lead to negative relationship attribution, especi-ally in terms of responsibility.

COVID-19 pandemic caused many restri-cttions worldwide, including home quara-ntines. As restrictions were extended, ma-ny families experienced a number of fam-ily problems, including domestic violence, marital conflict, and sexual dissatisfaction. In this regard, the present review study was conducted to investigate the role of marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction during the COVID-19 epidemic on the mental health of families. This study pro-vides a systematic review by searching the keywords COVID-19, Marital Satisfa-ction, Sexual Satisfaction Mental Health, Domestic Violence, and COVID-19 in the titles and abstracts of articles published in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. The main entry criteria were all English-language printed articles related in 2020 and 2021. The findings showed that the couples' verbal, physical, psychological and marital conflicts increased significantly compared to the time before the outbreak of COVID-19. Also, the couple's performance and sexual satisfaction during the COVID-19 pand-emic did not have the required quality and had a significant decrease. Given the long-term consequences of domestic violence on the mental health of women and children, it is necessary to take measures to identify, reduce and control family problems.

Sexual productivity is one of the fundamental rights of spouses after marriage, which is emphasized in various religious teachings, and jurists have recognized it in the form of the right to cohabitation, the right to stimulation, the right to intercourse and the right to not be dismissed. The wife's confrontation wi-th the husband's perversion, deviation, or sexual violence deprives her of this right,   exposing her in the long run to a situation that makes it difficult for her to continue living together with her husband. In this study, we intend to answer the question of whether a wife can, considering her difficult situation in not her sexual needs being met, consider it as an example of spousal abuse and apply for a judicial divorce based on the rule of negation.

The present study was performed by descriptive-analytical method and with documents from library sources. In this study, first the concept of sexual embarrassment is explained and then, based on jurisprudential principles, the capacity of the rule of negation of Haraj to justify the lawsuit of judicial divorce is examined.

The present study shows that the realization of sexual rights in marital relations based on cus-tomary criteria is accepted by Muslim jurists. Although in most jurisprudential texts the title of embarrassment refers to physical affairs, the application of "emba-rrassment" and its various applications in various jurisprudential issues causes the rule of negation of embarrassment to inc-lude non-physical embarrassments, inclu-ding sexual harassment. Therefore, after being in a state of sexual distress and the impossibility of correcting the couple's sexual behavior, the wife will be able to consider it as an example of the couple's social abuse, according to which she can apply for a judicial divorce.

Marital infidelity can have adverse effects on couples’ lives. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of harm caused by marital infidelity. The research is descriptive-correlational. The subjects were 100 men and women who had com-mitted marital infidelity and 100 men and women who had not. The subjects ans-we-red a questionnaire about the types of har-ms caused by marital infidelity, which were classified into 4 dimensions of per-sonal, family, social and spiritual harms. Statistical analysis was performed using independent group t-test and ANOVA in SPSS software. Findings showed that per-sonal injury (physical and psychological), family injury, social injury and spiritual injury have the highest rates in unfaithful couples, respectively. Also, the study of the extent of injuries caused by marital infidelity in different dimensions showed that: in the physical dimension of sleep disorders, in the psychological dimension of impatience, in the family dimension of cold marital relationship, in the social dimension of loss of reputation, consci-ence had the highest rate. According to the research findings, marital infidelity as a trauma affects all aspects of human exis-tence and requires immediate, short-term and long-term interventions such as crisis intervention.

Psychotherapy has been defined by Freud as treatment by psychological means. The purpose of the present paper is to invest-tigate how psychotherapists in family cou-nseling centers understand the processes and the formation of psychotherapy.Using purposive sampling in 2019-2020, sixteen in-depth interviews were cond-ucted with psychotherapists and couns-elors with at least 7 years of professional experience in family counseling centers. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed using a deductive-inductive thematic ana-lysis approach. Accordingly, 120 initial open codes, 3 main categories, and 8 subcategories were recognized regarding the psychotherapy processes. The results showed that psychotherapists and coun-selors in family counseling centers understand psychotherapy based on their personal perceptions, their activities, and the resources they used. The use of div-erse perspectives and eclectic approaches in psychotherapy demonstrated that psychotherapists pay attention to the con-sistency and inconsistency of therapeutic approaches with Iranian culture.

The present study aims to compare the effects of Filial Therapy and Theraplay on anxiety in children with hearing impairment. This study was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test design and control group. 39 children were selected by convenient sampling method and they were equally and randomly divided into the two experimental and one control groups (n=13). Out of two experimental groups, one group participated in Filial Therapy in 10 sessions for 90 minutes and the other participated in Theraplay in 10 sessions for 40 minutes, while the control did not participate in these programs. The Spence Preschool Anxiety Scale (2001) was used for assessment of all Participants. The research data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. The findings showed that the Filial Therapy and Theraplay had a beneficial and significant effect on anxiety in children with hearing impairment (P<0.05). Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of Filial Therapy and Theraplay in term of anxiety and its subscales (P>0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded from the findings of this study that Filial Therapy and Theraplay programs have an important role in decreasing anxiety in children with hearing impairment.