نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 34 (بهار 1400)

With architecture losing its identity in housing, failure to consider meaning-based design education is regarded as the main cause. Using meaning-generating factors is thought to be an effective way to retrieve identity and instill a sense of belonging to the place, while using signs as the most important meaning factors is one of the best strategies to give meaning to the housing space. The research literature mainly concerns the concepts of meaning, semiotics and problems facing architectural education as well as identity loss of housing, with "practical meaning attitude", "failure to consider content-based criticism in architectural design education", "attitude to meaning in terms of its effects on the user", and "inattention to the role of research in the design education process", being considered as research gaps. The goal of "making housing design education meaningful with emphasis on user-centered semiotic knowledge" is met via answering the questions that focus on components affecting meaning-based design education and the way they are related. The research used a survey and correlation methods along with an inventory. Professors and students of Tehran universities were selected as the samples. According to the research results, understanding the user community through research-based analysis and comprehending aesthetic and psychological dimensions from the users' point of view were found to be the most important factors affecting user views as well as the introduction of meaning in the sign-based housing design process. The proposed model found the effect of aesthetic aspects on the meaning-based design education process to be greater than psychological dimensions. The cyclical process of identifying the context and use of signs for design as well as the evaluation of signs by the user were regarded as the most important aspects of communication among the factors affecting the meaning-based housing design education. To help user understand the housing design, design education should benefit from model cycles, using research-based analysis and evaluating all ideation stages; this helps design and create spatial relations

Persian gardens play a key role in shaping forms, giving meaning, theme, and the very particulars of many works of art, including the art of carpet weaving. The effects of these gardens on decorating the drawings and geometric composition of garden-design carpets were examined in this study. This research aimed to investigate the way carpets of garden design adopted patterns of historic gardens of Tabriz in the 17th and 18th centuries. Using a comparative study and case analysis, three historical gardens of Tabriz, including the Sahebabad, Shomal, and E'lgoli Gardens, and seven carpets of garden design dating from the 17th and 18th centuries of Northwestern Iran were selected. The map of the gardens and the designs of the carpets were taken from historical documents and library sources. Then, the extent to which geometric elements of the historical gardens were represented in garden design carpets was studied using physical-structural features of Iranian gardens, including geographical-environmental features, spatial-physical elements, natural elements, form-geometry, and design-aesthetic principles. The research findings demonstrated the presence of common design features such as using Chaharbagh pattern, rectangular geometry, straight lines, focus on the main axis through water streams, pavilions and ponds in the center, fence and gardens, decorative trees and shrubs, symmetry, spatial-functional arrangement and independence-diversity of spaces. In sum, it was found that the general design and structure of garden design carpets from northwestern Iran was harmonious with the general structure of Sahebabad, Shomal, and E'lgoli Gardens. Sahebabad, Shomal, and E'lgoli Gardens were found to have the highest effects on the patterns and designs of garden carpets.

School buildings constitute a large part of the public buildings and thereby being the most important consumers of energy in Iran. Considering the current construction conditions, reforming construction and design methods seems to provide a lot of potential for energy efficiency. Considering a large number of schools in Iran, it is of special importance to carefully study such methods, one of which is to modify building geometry factors, including building orientation. In this study, a double-class school with a simple plan, as a typical building pattern in hot arid regions of Iran, is considered as a case study to accurately determine its optimal orientation for six cities of Isfahan, Shiraz, Zahedan, Qom, Kerman, and Yazd, as cities with over 500,000 people in the hot arid regions of Iran, using computer simulation. To this end, for each city, 72 models are simulated in different directions with a 5-degree variance, and a 10-degree range of the minimum annual energy consumption is obtained. Next, the simulation with a 1-degree variance is performed in the same range, and the results obtained for the six cities are compared. Finally, for this building type, the greatest and smallest impact of the building orientation on energy consumption is observed in Qom city and Yazd city, respectively. Also, despite the low percentage of annual energy savings, due to a large number of typical buildings in all six cities and their useful life span of 50 years, it is necessary to carefully choose the direction for the long period. Because the small amount of fuel storage during the annual consumption of a building will become a significant number at the national level during the entire period of operation.

People’s presence, moving, and voluntary stops in urban spaces are some of the most important indicators of the vitality of these environments. According to these indicators, Nobahar Street is one of the most vital streets in the city of Kermanshah. However, it seems that people’s presence in this environment, more than anything, is due to economic, social, and cultural factors, and the current architecture of the street has little importance in the matter. Therefore, the current study attempted to prepare the background for using the capacity of this factor to make this important urban hangout more vital by evaluating the architectural strengths and weaknesses of Nobahar Street based on the users’ demands and opinions. The current study aimed to evaluate the Nobahar Street’s physical strengths and weaknesses according to the required factors to create and strengthen the vitality of environment and to prioritize and balance this evaluation based on the users’ opinions in order to provide the context to improve the environmental qualities according to the users’ demands of this street. The study’s approach was descriptive-analytical and the data collection method was a combination of written sources and field survey; in the first part, the architecture of Nobahar Street was evaluated using the vitality factors extracted from written sources. The results of this evaluation were examined according to the users’ opinions using the in-depth interview and a questionnaire. For this, questions in 7 different areas were asked of 38 randomly chosen users. The repetition or verification of factors was the criterion for testing the hypothesis and prioritizing the physical strengths and weaknesses of the street according to the users’ opinions. The results showed that the most important architectural strength of Nobahar Street was due to its geometry on macro-scale, whereas its weaknesses generally were in medium and micro scales. The users of this street considered the use of trees, soft and penetrable edges, and eventually its proper and observable width to be its most important architectural strengths while they recognized the architectural weaknesses to be associated with its unrecognizable inner parts, lack of awning windows above the ground floor, and eventually non-uniformity among the facades. Thus, according to users’ opinion, improving the quality of architectural factors can be realized by considering medium and micro scales.

Adaptive reuse of existing buildings, by maximum use of buildings structural, physical and material potentials, is regarded as an approach meeting sustainable development goals. The Adaptive Reuse Potential (ARP) model is seen as a very effective tool to measure the re-usability potentials of existing buildings. This model can serve as an appropriate tool in architecture and urban planning in dealing with existing buildings and structures before becoming obsolete. The Adaptive Reuse Potential model evaluates buildings reuse potential by calculating the useful life of the building through measuring different building obsolescence types, the current age of the building, and itspredicted physical life. The Adaptive Reuse Potential model is a general model uniformly applied in all building types and can be used in all countries. This paper aimed to customize this model to fossil fuel power plants, which may yield highly accurate results. The research methods as consistent with different stages were as follows: documentary and library studies were used to study and analyze the Adaptive Reuse Potential model and determine all building obsolescence types; field surveys to investigate the case study; interviewing experts; using a pairwise comparison questionnaire and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to weight and prioritize the types of obsolescence in fossil fuel power plants. To validate the results, the customized Adaptive Reuse Potential model was deployed to a case study and the outputs are compared with those outputs obtained from applying the original model in the same case study. According to performed analyzes and based on the experts views, it is affirmed that the results obtained from the customized Adaptive Reuse Potential model for fossil fuel power plants were more accurate than those of the primary model.

A high-quality design of space-based activity is one of the major concerns in architectural planning, and for this, many standard spatial references have been codified to help coordinate both functions and structures. The level of the enclosure, one of the components affecting the definition and understanding of space, plays an effective role in organizing space and its utility by emphasizing dimensions fit and the correct distance of its constituent elements. However, the level of enclosure and an explanation of relevant issues have been less focused attention in architectural studies, with the concepts of this field found only in urban engineering. This study aimed to create a quantitative method to estimate the optimal spatial structure dimensions and the level of enclosure. Also, the study sought to examine the relationship between the mass-space system and activity energy. This research was applied in terms of objective and correlational in terms of nature and method. Consistent with the research process, data were quantitative, and the sources which estimated the energy consumption of the activities were used. Available dimensional standards were also used to determine the optimal size of the spaces under study. Since this study examined such factors as space volume, area, and the number of users of the space, and their relationship with the number of calories consumed in that space, the relationship between calories consumed per minute and area with the component of space volume was 98% and the relationship between calories consumed per minute and area 92%. Furthermore, quantitative formulas to recover space volume and area to calculate the calories consumed in space were demonstrated in this study.

Exercising the right of pre-emption is one of the coercive grounds of ownership in jurisprudence and statute laws of Iran, which can benefit the person hold the aforesaid right in immovable transactions in case of the fulfillment of legal conditions. Joint utilization in shared ownership of immovable property and joint ownership of passage and waterway in Imami jurisprudence is one of the factors in the emergence of the right of pre-emption. In popular jurisprudence, in addition to the two aforementioned factors, the proximity of the two properties (i.e., being neighborhood) is another ground for the realization of the right of pre-emption. Owing to the ever-increasing rise in population and the subsequent need for housing, the issue of construction and use of apartment flats and their dealings has become gained more prominence among various members of the society. Moreover, the diversity of needs of residents and neighbors has led to a wide range of dealing related to different parts of apartments such as storage rooms and parking spaces. The common ownership of apartments in the land and premises and the sharing of ownership of passages (that is, corridors, lobbies, elevators) and waterways (water pipes and installations) have made all led to the high relevance of the right of pre-emption in dealings of apartments and their parts. As such, the purpose of this study was to address whether the right of pre-emption can be considered and implemented regarding the portions of apartment building and whether this implementation is in accordance with the law of ownership of apartments and the contents stipulated in the civil law, that is, articles 808 et seq. The authors concluded that although it is possible to exercise the right of pre-emption in the sale of apartment units and the sale of its different parts, it suffers from more restrictions than other real estate dealings and there are fewer instances of the right of pre-emption in apartment transactions than in other real estate transactions according to the criteria set out in the Apartment Ownership Law and its by-laws, as well as the instructions for separating apartments.

The significant outbreak of autism as a profound developmental disorder in children can be considered the result of modern machine life. It is a disorder that has not fully responded to the medication. Therefore, the use of natural healing supports and the forces of nature is recognized as one of the complementary solutions. The current study aimed to achieve the landscape design criteria that support the treatment of autistic children to identify "landscape design criteria that meet the needs of autistic children" to provide solutions to use these spatial quality criteria. The significance of this study was to take steps to achieve the applicable details in the spaces supporting the treatment of autistic patients so that its results can be utilized as design guidelines. The current research was applied-theoretical with qualitative and quantitative approach and case study. The data collection tools were library studies on the related research to achieve a strong theoretical framework, behavioral observation, and interview using the Delphi technique with the participating experts. The target population included 30 psychologists and experts in the area of autistic children in Tehran selected purposeful and non-randomly based on the saturation method. The collected data were analyzed using NVivo software, and a triangulation method was used to improve the validity of the findings. According to the research results and findings, the landscape components supporting the treatment of children with autism were identified. Then, these results led to presenting special recommendations for designing or spatial guidance. The measures and guidelines based on the specific details will have a positive effect on the treatment process of the user children.

In the analogy between design and language, two main categories are often distinguishable, that is, elements and principles. Elements can be considered as words in the design language and accordingly the principles would be the grammar or rules for employing these elements. The subsets of principles and elements in different fields of design are oftentimes inconsistent with each other and may vary according to the characteristics of that particular field. The roots of the formation and definition of many notions about the principles and elements of design can be found in applied arts or visual arts other than interior architecture, and hence they do not have a comprehensive and accurate definition tailored to the requirements of interior design. The purpose of this research was to discover and examine the design elements involved in interior design and the ways of achieving a precise and comprehensive definition of them by recognizing the design elements in interior architecture. As such, this study sought to define and refine the design elements in interior architecture and hence employed a methodical process to find a list of design elements in interior architecture, providing acceptable and agreed-upon definitions of design elements in interior architecture in the aftermath. Knowing the design elements and their examples in interior architecture are heavily involved in reading and describing an interior space. This qualitative-research research has accordingly sought to collect information from library sources and archives to offer initial definitions on design elements to be reviewed by experts in the field of interior architecture. Their views were then applied to the initial definitions in the form of the two-stage Delphi method to attain agreed-upon definitions for the Delphi panel. As a result of this research, various items were added to the previous body of design elements in interior architecture, and hence the list was revised with more precise definitions of design elements in the field of interior architecture, including point, line, surface, shape, form, mass, texture, role, color, light, space, time, smell and sound were obtained.

Housing facade is represented by some social, economic, and cultural characteristics of its residents through a complex system of "signs", constituting a stereotypical image in the minds of the users. On the other hand, people with relatively lower socio-economic status are constantly stigmatized and distinguished, thus aggravating inequality in the community. Because the outside evaluation of a house is linked with its objective characteristics, the research goal is to find the inter-relatedness of factors affecting residential facade design which change users' understanding of an area or building. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the residential views of Tehran's Municipality District 4 using a mixed research method1. The study population included architectural experts who were selected via snowball sampling. First, the documentary method was used to investigate the concepts related with understanding the environment, semiotics and the phenomenon of stigma followed by developing a conceptual framework of the research. Then, an inventory containing objective factors of residential view was provided to 22 experts to rate their effect on residents' understanding. In the next step, 40 residential housing facades were assessed by experts through descriptive method. Exploratory factor analysis of the data revealed four factors affecting the housing facade, which included facade materials and design, facade entrances and annexations (attachments), balcony and facade proportions, greenery and facade dimensions. The images were also explored using scores given by the experts. Finally, by analyzing both visual and inventory tests, solutions were provided to remove stigmatization of the weaker group’s housing facade.

"Works of art" are widely diverse. However, some similarities can be found throughout all this diversity that links and unifies these various works. Works are so pervasive that orientalists have identified great works of history and geography as "Islamic art" and considered them to share a common feature. The question is: What are the similarities of the Islamic works of art? This research has concerned this subject from a new perspective drawing upon theoretical foundations which can use other dimensions to identify works of art. Hence, viewing the existential system and using the Skepticism Theory of Unity of Existence, which explains unity in plurality and plurality in unity, it is hypothesized that one single phenomenon is common to works of art. Then, the second question of the research is: How does Sadra's Theory of Skepticism explain the unity of works of art while being plural? The Theory of Skepticism states that existence is a doubtful truth with different levels that establishes unity in a diverse and plural world. Every phenomenon in the universe takes benefit of existence according to its capacity. Generalizing the Theory of Skepticism from existence to a collection of works of art, it is substantiated that what constitutes the origin and cause of similarity that links diverse works of art is nothing but one thing; i.e., that of existence accompanied by light and beauty. In fact, the very essence shared by all works of art and especially Islamic works of art is their semantic content, which mirrors transcendental truths. However, works of art differ as to express the truth, which arises from some levels of existential capacity of each work of art. Finally, one would say that similar works of art originate from one single thing of various levels.

The key problem in contemporary Iranian architecture is that of the fundamental differences with the content of traditional and post-traditional architecture. The present article sought to use the relationship between such concepts as "wisdom in traditional architecture" and "conceptuality in Iranian contemporary architecture" to define wisdom and conceptuality and determine their structural features in architecture. The research hypothesis stated the longitudinal relationship between the requirements of the traditional world in the form of religious and intellectual wisdom, known as "intellectual wisdom" and the modern world in the form of intellectual individualism and scientific and professional development, known as "scientific wisdom"; suggesting that conceptuality is a value-based approach in the world of modernity. This research sought to create a deductive and analytical structure between the traditional and modern nature of architecture to explain the extent to which the concepts constitute an architectural work from the perspective of wisdom and conceptuality. In its historical context (contemporary Iranian architecture), conceptual architecture has been "architecture of eclectic wisdom", underlying visual elements, and the originality of the image. Moreover, this article ushers in a new area for future researches, thus providing "neo-conceptuality" or "Intellectual new-conceptuality" modeling for Iranian architecture, as proposed by the author. Here, one would refer to the research-based design approach, i.e., "neo-conceptuality", by using para-models and parametric design methods which, in the critique of neo-conceptuality, it replaces "image" in "conceptualism" with intrinsic "features" and "theme-context" of the underlying context in the para-models; thus, founding a more inclusive approach for defining structures.

In recent years, urban planners and designers have taken benefits of creativity and cultural and social attractions in urban spaces, as an opportunity to create an environment along with well-being and reconsideration in vitality and an opportunity for the creative class to be present in urban spaces. The current article aims to assess the appropriate qualities of the urban environment as a result of the sidewalk approach to evaluate and measure the creative city on the cultural sidewalk of Rasht in Iran. Consequently, regarding the research method, after explaining the nature of the creative city and also examining the thinkers’ views concerning environmental qualities, a conceptual model of creative urban space has been developed. Then, via questionnaire and analysis through SPSS software and regression model, Pearson and Friedman, the indicators and criteria of creative urban space have been evaluated. The results of the analysis of the five physical, functional, social, perceptual, and environmental components concerning the creative urban space reveal that the social, active, and functional components have a more significant level than the other components. Attention to the creative economy, cultural assets, spatial flexibility, urban placemaking, attention to indigenous and local forces and knowledge, promotion of indigenous economy, etc., creative urban environment was achieved. Lastly, based on analysis and empirical evidence, some suggestions are presented to improve the quality of urban spaces to achieve a creative city.

One of the ways to deal with problems children are now facing is to revive neighborhood values and concepts through informing the significance of play spaces and creating multipurpose entertainment environments. Therefore, it is critical to provide planning for parks and play area for children near the residential places, through the optimal use of natural elements and passageway safety, which is considered to be an important step to creating a safe and healthy neighborhood. Because public open spaces tend to be used in large cities of Iran instead of private open spaces, child-friendly places could provide physical and mental health for children, though they are not seen as absolute necessities for child development. This research was applied in terms of objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and methodology. Data were collected through documentary and library methods, accompanied by interviews and questionnaires. In this article, the Golha Square in the Marzdaran neighborhood was investigated in terms of indicators studied in the New York City, United States (e.g., security, presence of recreational spaces, passageways safety, and furniture). Data were analyzed using SPSS software using the one-sample t-test; the sampling method was also used to determine the size of an indefinite population with the items measured based on the Likert scale, indicating a standard deviation of 0.667 for 170 people. The findings demonstrated that the confidence interval between both the upper and lower boundaries of the current situation was slightly lower than that in the average level of items. Concerning the general situation of Golha square in the Marzdaran neighborhood, the confidence interval did not meet a desirable condition as regards child-friendly city indicators. Thus, concerning the research hypothesis, one would say it was significant at the level of 95% confidence, so in this case, the hypothesis was confirmed, indicating the undesirable status of Golha square organization indicators in the Marzdaran neighborhood as regards child-friendly city indicators.

Neighborhood attachment is a psychological bond with some affective, perceptual, and behavioral dimensions that are associated with positive outcomes such as self-esteem, comfort, strengthening social capital, and residents’ participation. The identification of factors affecting the neighborhood attachment is an essential step forward in sustainable neighborhood development. Using a systematic approach, this article sought to elaborate on the research articles done nationally from 2001 to 2019 on neighborhood attachment and to analyze their findings to explain this concept and the factors affecting it. Meanwhile, conflicting findings and research gaps were addressed and suggestions were made for future research so that a context is laid for expanding a local theory of Neighborhood Attachment. The results from the systematic review demonstrated that all researches have explained the "nature of neighborhood attachment" to emphasize the psychology of this relationship and its behavioral outcomes; however, they have failed to show deep psychological mechanisms in affective and perceptual dimensions. Researchers have tended to concentrate on the human and place dimensions of this bond when identifying the factors affecting it. The lack of place and neighborhood theory made it difficult to achieve a theoretically coherent conclusion. As for the human dimension, the effects of such variables as residence duration, gender, level of education, and housing ownership in different studies were identified to have contradicted each other. However, marital status and household income had a positive impact, and population mobility a negative effect on these bonds. As for the behavioral dimension of social participation, the most repetitive variables under study were significantly and positively related with the bonds, while the Psychological security and comfort demonstrated a significant and positive relationship with the bonds in the affective dimension.

As society becomes a destination for tourism, the lives of its inhabitants are affected and the achievement of sustainable tourism with the aim of preserving and enhancing the characteristics of the host community is of particular importance in the field of tourism planning and development. In recent years, with increasing attention to tourism in the country's policies and development plans, we have witnessed a growing trend of domestic tourism and foreign tourist arrivals. Since sustainable tourism development in an area requires attention from residents and the local community and ignoring this can pose long-term challenges to tourism development in the area, so the demands of the host community and their perceptions of the tourism phenomenon should be more carefully considered. Considered by tourism planners. The purpose of this study was to elaborate on the concept of social sustainability of the inhabitants of the host community using documentary method and systematic review of the sources. In order to collect data, it has studied in depth the ideas of key influential theorists on the conceptualization and utilizing a qualitative approach and a hybrid approach. , Analyzed the research data. Finally, a conceptual framework for social sustainability of the inhabitants of the host community is presented. According to the research findings, residents 'attitude towards tourism (in terms of residents' characteristics and relations of host community with tourists) and quality of life of host community (in terms of tourism destination characteristics and consequences of tourism on host society) as influencing factors in shaping the host community's perception of development. Tourism has been identified as a destination that, along with indicators of community well-being, individual prosperity, participation, sense of belonging, security and justice, attain the social sustainability of the inhabitants of host communities.

Principle of balance is one of the most principles in Islamic city. In Islamic thought, principle of balance was considered to respond to proportional and balanced human needs in different realms. The goal of this paper is to study principle of balance in Islamic city. A few studies can be found that be addressed in micro scale. This study is trying to achieve the quality of balance through the land use in adifferent realms of human life. Actually the role of land use to respond to human needs in different realms is not studied. Physiological, mental and spiritual needs are considered as different realms of human life. In this research, we want to shed light on how land use can respond to human needs in different realm of life. In conceptual model of research 6 criteria and 13 sub criteria were considered. Also with same functions in land use, four case studies from different periods of physical development in Mashhad for instance “Sarshhor Bazaar” and “Khosravi street” from Central part of Mashhad, ”Daneshgah street” from middle part of the city and “Rahnamaie street” from Recent developments were chosen. This is a descriptive-analytical research study. The data collection method is survey. Questionnaires were compiled in order to gather information on human needs in different realm of life. Data were analyzed with some statistical methods. The finding in this study showed that in all four case studies, in opinion’s respondents , indicator of mean is level of average in Physiological realm of human needs. Indicator of mean are lower of level of average in mental and spiritual realms of human needs and weakness in these 2 human realms are showed. Also, women considered urban spaces better than men in supplying dimensions of human needs.

Greenway as an underlying element in environmental sustainability has a variety of species and leavers different environmental, physical, tourism-economic, and social effects on the neighborhood and city. The presence of river valleys and greenways in Northern Tehran are important environmental capabilities, which are not mostly supported by the efficient policy-making processes of urban management, and have been ignored in urbanization studies. In the greenway of Nezami Ganjavi Neighborhood, some environmental qualities show no adequate responsiveness based on initial field analyses. In this field, the present study has discussed the relationship between the satisfaction of neighborhood residents with the environmental indicators of greenway and has also estimated the satisfaction rate. This study aimed in investigating types of greenways and their characteristics, and providing efficient suggestions to improve the status of environmental indicators of neighborhood greenway based on measurement of study neighborhood. The method used in this study was the qualitative-quantitative method, and this is applied research in terms of purpose. To analyze the correlation between independent variables and dependent variables, multivariate regression was used in SPSS. The results showed that satisfaction was affected significantly by indicators including the existence of park and recreational green space, clean and pollution-free air in the greenway axis, soothing and non-disturbing sounds, presence of urban animals and birds, and beautiful view at the confidence level of 95%. However, satisfaction was not significantly affected by indicators including clean and pollution-free air in the immediate vicinity, cleanliness of the soil cover and durability, and connection between green zones. According to the obtained adjusted coefficient of determination, 0.75% of changes in satisfaction were associated with the defined indicators and can be estimated. Finally, the study provided suggestions due to the measurement of the existing situation to promote environmental conditions of the greenway.