فصلنامه فناوری آموزش
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 53، زمستان 1398)

Despite the emergence and advancement of new technologies and, consequently, the change in lifestyle in recent decades, education systems have maintained the same traditional method of education and have not changed according to the characteristics of the digital generation. Meanwhile, digital generation features have been effective in learning-teaching approaches. One of the most important and recent developments in the field of modern technologies is the use of gamification, that is, the use of game elements in non-game contexts. Gamification is using game mechanics, game aesthetics, and game thinking to engage people, motivate them, and promote learning, and problem-solving. The use of game elements in educational environments has been found in developed countries and even in developing countries as a special place to face current educational problems. The purpose of this study was to review the studies in the field of ‘Gamification in e-learning’ and to present the content analysis of this field and its effectiveness in education.

A systematic search of articles was done in February 2018. After searching the databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, and Emerald with keywords Gamification, gamify, and gameful and also online, web, tutorial, module, e-learning, electronic, and e-course, and based on input criteria, 60 relevant articles were selected in this study. The selected articles were analyzed in terms of game elements, gamified e-learning courses, and the purpose of the articles.

Target population in this reviewed article included high school, secondary school, and elementary school students, and also university students from a variety of disciplines, including Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, Business Management, Building Engineering, Computer, Informatics, Library and Information Sciences, Psychology, Journalism, Construction Engineering, Nursing, and Tourism. In these studies, the effectiveness of gamification on learning various educational topics such as the programming languages, English language, data structure and algorithm, mathematics, economy and politics, psychology, informatics, physics, German language, medicine, and biology, have been studied. The effectiveness of gamification on participation/engagement, learning, motivation, anxiety, peer assessment, collaboration, website optimization, cost reduction, and faculty load were among the subject areas studied in these articles. Effectiveness of game elements on behaviors such as leaderboard on anxiety, point on motivation, leaderboard on learning and engagement, half-anonymity avatar on motivation and engagement and, avatar on motivation are among other topics covered in these studies. Furthermore, a few research has been done on determining the game elements affecting learning and motivation, the possibility of predicting the game elements suitable for different users, and gender differences in dealing with gamification. The game element point, leaderboard, badge, levels, challenge, and feedback were used more than other elements. Other elements of the game used in educational environments include avatar, progress bar, social sharing, unexpected rewards, time limit, freedom to fail, currency, missions, and rules/goals. The number of game elements used in these studies varies. In some studies, only one element of the game has been used, and in other studies, two, three, or even more elements of the game have been used and evaluated.

The results indicated the effectiveness of gamified e-learning environments to increase learning, engagement, and motivation of learners. This result is due to the features that are at the heart of gamification; because gamification leads to a change in behavior and extensive learning experiences.   

One of the main challenges in Iranian higher education system is the fact that students are not entitled to the skills of thinking and reasoning. In particular, this issue manifests itself in situations where learners are expected to critique and redesign old ideas and thoughts with the power of creativity and innovation, and even creating new and innovative ideas and theories. The lack of attention paid by universities and higher education institutions to training and transferring of thinking skills, creative thinking, and problem-solving ability to challenge decision-making situations has made students rely solely on memorization and pre-prepared results. One of the fields of application of thinking is the issue of entrepreneurship, the close connection of which with creativity has clearly been confirmed in the literature. By institutionalizing entrepreneurship education through the transfer of thinking skills to students to create ideas, they are acquainted with the concept of entrepreneurship, by which they are inspired to create innovative ideas and thoughts. In this regard, entrepreneurial universities develop entrepreneurial skills and help students to start new businesses and network with economic agents in order to support university entrepreneurs. If universities and higher education institutions are not able to step towards entrepreneurial development and do not give thought to this issue, there would be no justification for their survival and continued work in long run, as macro-development frameworks will be implemented based on objective economic indicators and criteria. Hence, the six-hat method of thinking relies on students' thinking power to design career topics. This approach, in essence, will help students have the necessary efficiency and skills in thinking about different aspects of a business issue, especially in designing a business plan. For this reason, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of six thinking hats (STHs) of De Bono on improving the cognitive abilities and skills of agricultural students in the entrepreneurship course.

In this study, 80 undergraduate agricultural students in the University of Maragheh (the academic year 2016-2017) were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups according to a quasi-experimental design of Solomon's four stages. To assess the cognitive ability of the cases, a business questionnaire for the construction of a fish farming unit was used. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and calculate the effect size of the results.

The results unveil that the approach of STHs makes a significant difference in the knowledge of the cases in four experimental groups on the development of business plan (F = 40.89, df = 79, p < /em> < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of the participants in different groups (SΔ = 8.16, df = 22, p < /em> < 0.0010) with the effect size of 0.75 ( = 0.75), indicating a significant effect for the STHs on learning. Additionally, the qualitative results of the research manifest that the participants were able to design a standard business plan.

It is recommended to use the STHs method in entrepreneurship centers of universities and higher education institutions.

In the last century, that is the era of transition from the industrial age to the information and communication age, education has changed dramatically compared to the past, both in terms of quantity and quality. The advent of information technology has changed all aspects of human life; Meanwhile, educational systems have been more affected by information technology than other systems due to their epistemological nature. Until a few years ago, people needed a certain amount of time and space to teach and learn, but today, with the advancement of computer technology and the Internet, this need has somewhat disappeared, and everyone will soon be able to learn anything at any time and in anywhere. Traditional teaching methods are no longer able to meet the needs of the continuous growth and development of educational skills. The use of technology in education has created elearning systems and has changed the role of educational elements and educational design. The aim of the present investigation thus is to determine the importance of the components constituting the e-learning of the Work and Technology course from Experts’ Point of view.

The approach of the investigation is quantitative and a hierarchy analysis method is used. This method can be used when the decision-making process is involved with several competing options and decision-making criteria. The proposed criteria can be quantitative or qualitative. Then a series of pairwise comparisons are made. These comparisons determine the weight of each factor in line with the competing options. Finally, the logic of hierarchical analysis integrates matrices of pairwise comparisons with each other to make the optimal decision. The community of the investigation was experts of the training domain, the modern technologies planning domain, and Work and Technology course domain which 18 people of them were selected purposefully as samples. In order to analyze the data, the technique of index paired comparison was used. In this study, the data collection instrument was a questionnaire and its indicators included the components of e-learning, which were classified under a total of 10 indicators. In the current study, the coefficients of importance of the indicators have been studied. These indicators were then presented to the research sample in a questionnaire, and the indicators were analyzed by Expert Choice Software (Expert Choice 11) based on the hierarchical analysis method. To analyze the data, the pairwise comparison technique of the indicators was used.

Based on the obtained results, the most important components of e-learning from the experts' point of view are content (with a weight of 0.116), page design (with a weight of 0.128), organization (with a weight of 0.124), motivation (With a weight of 0.099), flexibility (with a weight of 0.093), evaluation (with a weight of 0.092), feedback (with a weight of 0.098), a balanced workload (with a weight of 0.090), assistance (Weighing 0.81 and teaching-learning activity (weighing 0.079).

It is evident that the findings of the present study help the decision-makers to adopt effective strategies for training courses as the most important components constituting the e-learning are specified and thereby the decision-makers may control the levels of resource assignments.

In academic situations, having the opportunity to succeed and rebuild learning increases students' self-confidence in achieving success. Teaching such learners the path to progress and showing the results of hard work makes them strive to master the learning situation. The result is a sense of control and autonomy along with a sense of value. Such instance causes the learner to insist, commit, and work harder without fear of failure to achieve success. Therefore, the importance of the present study is to theoretically determine and discover the model or how to place individual and environmental factors affecting academic resilience. From a practical point of view, this study aims to clarify the importance of individual and environmental factors affecting resilience in education. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between motivating tasks and academic resiliency and Also determination mediating role of mastery goals and perceived competence.

The present study utilizes a correlational research method using causal relationship modeling methods. The research method applied to this study was structural equation modeling. The target population of the study comprised Tehran universities students who were studying at education and psychology faculties in the academic year of 2014-2015. The sample consisted of 414 students who were selected by random cluster sampling method. In other words, the sampling unit was the classes rather than the individuals. The instruments used in this study were: Classroom Goals Structures, Achievement Goal Orientation, Perceived Competence Scale and Academic Resiliency Questionnaire.  

The results revealed that motivating tasks has direct effect to predict academic resiliency. Furthermore, mastery goals and perceived competence mediated the relationship of motivating tasks with academic resiliency. Discussion and implications of the results are presented in the study.

Based on this, it can be concluded that the setting of attractive and motivating tasks leads to the adoption of goals of mastery, self -esteem and control over the learning position of learners. Based on research results, the assignment variable as an extrinsic variable directly affects the resilience variable (dependent variable) and also through intermediate variables (proficiency goals and competency perception). In addition, the significance of the error estimation of each of the constructs shows that other external factors can also affect the relationship of the variables of this study with academic resilience. Based on this, it is suggested that other factors such as internal or external motivation and functional goals by learners be investigated as variables affecting the structural model. In order to apply the results of this research, it is recommended that academic centers be designed in such a way that learners face attractive and challenging tasks and provide them with the opportunity to succeed and experience a sense of competence. 

The present study aims to analyze the content of second grade chemistry textbooks based on the emphasis on the goals of resistance economy.

The research method in this study was descriptive content analysis. In this study, after collecting quantitative data, Shannon entropy technique was used for anarysis. The statistical population of this study formed the content of all secondary high school chemistry textbooks. The sampling method in this study was census; Therefore, all second grade chemistry textbooks were analyzed. The registration unit in this study was the subject. In this study, the frequency of components and themes of resistance economy in chemistry curricula were examined.

The findings of the content analysis showed that in secondary high school chemistry books, the most attention was paid to the goals of resistance economy in the field of consumption the field of skills and the field of production attitude.

From the present study, it can be concluded that in the second grade chemistry textbooks, very little attention has been paid to the goals of the resistance economy. Also, in secondary school chemistry curricula, little attention has been paid to the goals and components of the resistance economy and the amount of attention to the goals of the resistance economy do not have a normal distribution and only some components of the resistance economy in the second secondary school (three dimensions and three areas) are consi dered.

The advent of information and communication technologies, increasing access to computers in higher education and universities’ challenges such as increasing demand for education, the need for economic activities to provide new resources and the use of information technology to provide education services in the global market has caused universities to reconsider their traditional roles and create new organizational structures. E-learning is one of the advances of technology in education. Along with the growth of technology and its development in the field of learning, experts in this field conceived the idea that they can meet the educational needs of the learners by launching e-learning courses. Determining the level of student satisfaction is one of the most important indicators of achieving the desired quality. Studies also show that in order to continuously improve higher  education system, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of educational, research and welfare services. Due to the above-mentioned reasons, examining the readiness and potential of the e-learning system is inevitable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluation the effectiveness of e-learning on the satisfaction of graduate students in Islamic Azad University.

The research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In qualitative section, a theme-based questionnaire/focal group and in quantities section, a surveying type was used. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section was experts in the field of e-learning, academic elites, professors and experts, 22 of whom were selected by non-random and snowball sampling. The selection criteria was having more than 10 years of experience and being excellence in education and research. The statistical population of the quantitative section were postgraduate students of university units in northwestern Iran, among whom a sample size of 219 was selected by stratified sampling. The data collection method was interview in the qualitative section. In the quantitative section a 45-item researcher-made questionnaire was used based on a 5-point Likert scale. Spatial and local research area included university units in northwestern Iran consisting of 14 units in 2018: Tabriz, Bonab, Maragheh, Marand, Khoy, Parsabad Moghan, Ardabil, Garmi, Khalkhal, Meshkinshahr, and Azarshahr. These units were selected because their instructors had the following academic degrees: professors, associate professors and assistant professors.

The results showed that all the components of the research was satisfactory and with the exception of user interface all features of e-learning were efficient.

Inspired by theoretical foundations, research background, as well as the results of qualitative data, it was observed that the effectiveness of e-learning method has an impact on students’ satisfaction and also student satisfaction affects many variables in northwestern university units in Iran. These include motivation in relation to the goals of the organizational excellence, learning in anywhere any time, participatory learning, self-assessment and self-directedness, improving the functions of the educational system that provide a high return on extracurricular learning. 

One of the most sensitive parts of the education system in every person's life is elementary school. A period that plays a very important role in the life of each person; and the success or failure in this period will have very serious effects on the future of the individual. Meanwhile, the role and importance of mathematics is felt more than other subject matters as many students are weak in this course. For this reason, the teaching of this course should be changed from a strict and inflexible subject matter that is limited to lecturing to various approaches in accordance with mathematics education and active teaching methods along with new educational technologies. Educational technology and e-learning are some of the concepts that were introduced and attracted a lot of attention in the field of education with the growth and development of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Recently, Wanser proposed a theory of educational humor processing, a theory that has evolved from the basic models of persuasion and incompatibility theories to explain the role of educational humor in facilitating learning. This research conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of the electronic humorous content on the learning and retention of students' mathematics.

The present study was a semi-experimental research using pre-test-post-test design with experimental and control groups. The population consisted of all 5th grade students (N=2200) in elementary schools at Birjand in 2018. The statistical population of the study consisted of 58 people who were selected with convenience sampling. The study sample included a class as the experimental group and another class as the control group selected out of four classes, each consisting of 29 people. For data collection, Teacher-made test used in pre-test and post-test. In addition to, descriptive analysis, covariance test used to analyze the data.

There is a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups' mathematical learning variable. Regarding ETA, we can say that using humorous content, explains 15.4% of the variance of post-test scores (ƞ 2 = 15.4%،p< .05). There was no significant difference between the mean scores of pre-test and post-test of retention in the experimental group compared to the control group. The findings of this study showed that the effect of humorous electronic mathematical content on learning was significant (15%), but the effect of humorous electronic content on retention was not significant.

The use of e-content is a step forward toward the effectiveness of the teaching and learning process. The application of this research results for pedagogues is that in order to improve mathematics learning, we should pay attention to the role and function of humorous education and electronic content; and by combining these two direct mathematical teaching methods to create interest in this subject matter. Combining the process of teaching mathematics with humorous e-content will increase students' attention and motivation, improve their mathematical learning, and foster their creative power. The findings of several studies suggest that providing opportunities for collaborative, moderated, and competitive learning in schools can help reduce anxiety and improve students' math performance. This requires a systematic and purposeful effort on the part of the education system to bring about a change in math textbooks and teaching methods. For this reason, it is necessary to take essential measures to make the e-content as effective as possible. This requires that professionals, teachers, and all educators collaborate effectively and efficiently to successfully design and produce e-content.

The separation of learner and teacher from each other in e-learning, has made feedback as the most important challenge in this type of learning. Despite, there is no comprehensive framework based on the science of education, so that how to create educational feedback based on learning objectives. The purpose of this study was to compilation the educational standards and their indicators based on the Bloom-

Anderson’s taxonomy for design effective and on time feedback for any educational goal. Qualitative research approach is used and based this approach, the phenomenological design strategy has been used. The population included 12 persons of subject matter and faculty member in academic e-learning centers which were selected through purposeful sampling. Those individuals included in the sample who had three characteristics: a) academic education in e-learning, b) teaching in higher education in the faculties of educational sciences, and c) working in e-learning centers of universities and educational institutions. To gather data semi-structured interviews were used. Qualitative data generated from interviews were coded and analysis by Corbin and Strauss method and Maxquda software.

The results of the study led to the development of 4 educational standards and 25 indicators based on the Bloom-Anderson’s taxonomy to design a comprehensive feedback in the field of e-learning. According to the results of this study, educational technologists can evaluate or design more effective e-learning environments.

Overall, feedback plays a key role in e-learning process that can pave the way for identifying problems in the teaching-learning process and proposing improvements to these challenges. However, timing of the feedback is critical. Lack of time shows that the potential benefits of feedback are often not achieved, and instructors are often unable to provide feedback tailored to educational conditions and goals. The results of this study can provide appropriate design and presenting of the feedback with the aim of learning and effective use of educational technologies at the right time. In this regard it can help designers of e-learning environments in a way that the right time to provide feedback is not wasted and always provide feedback at the right time and in the right way. Based on the results of the research, evaluators and administrators of e-learning environments can use the e-learning evaluation form of the paper prepared based on the standards and criteria in a Likert scale to evaluate the feedback method of e-learning instructors. 

The first major step in improving service quality is to recognize customers’ expectations and perceptions of service quality and to determine service quality gaps and then adopt the necessary strategies to reduce gaps and provide feedback. In this case, not only is the prioritization and allocation of strategic resources facilitated, but also the basis is provided to improve the quality of services and increase their effectiveness. Quality assessment studies focus on the content area and the process of creating quality, and less attention has been paid to taxonomic study in this area. Taxonomy studies in the field of service quality not only provide a good description of the recipient groups, but also provide the context for more specialized studies in this field and theorizing in it. The aim of this study was to examine the taxonomy of student's satisfaction of service quality provided in Academic Affairs and Postgraduate Management of University of Bojnord.

The study population consisted of all 4039 undergraduate and postgraduate students at University of Bojnord in four faculties: humanities, arts, basic sciences, and engineering. The sample size was calculated 354 people using the Morgan table. To sampling of students, a class-based sampling method was used based on the college, departmental level and gender. In the end, 359 students were analyzed. The data collection tool has been localized SERVQUAL questionnaire. Instrument reliability and validity was assessment using of Cronbach's alpha and convergent validity. K-mean cluster analysis was used to analyze the data. Three clusters of students with different orientations than the services quality provided were identified that were conducted with students with passive orientation, students with idealistic orientation and students with realistic orientation.

The results indicated that only 17% of students in the student group had passive orientation and 83% of students were concerned about the quality of the services provided in the Academic Affairs and Postgraduate Management Section.

The results of this study showed that students' satisfaction with the quality of service delivery in Bojnourd University's Academic Affairs and Postgraduate Management was moderate. The results of students’ satisfaction taxonomy showed the existence of three groups of students with three different approaches to the quality of services received. Groups of students with three titles including passive orientation, students with idealistic orientation and students with realistic orientation were identified.   

As one of the key components of the curriculum, the teacher has an effective role in teaching effectiveness and facilitating learning. The quality of teachers’ work is the most important factor influencing the quality of students' learning and the success of the educational systems. Teachers, as one of the complex components of the school ecosystem must be able to meet the expectations and demands of various admin administrators and stakeholders and have a deep understanding of social developments and future changes. Therefore, teachers must constantly seek to update their knowledge and skills and improve their professional development. The field of teacher professional development consists of various aspects such as perceptions, educational beliefs, epistemology, ideology, behavior, and practice related to teaching and learning. The present study seeks to investigate how Iranian teachers use cyberspace for their professional development.

In this study, qualitative research method with descriptive phenomenological approach used the subjects, who consist of 25 teachers who actively promote the educational applications of cyberspace, were selected from among the teachers of Hamedan Province and invited to an interview. Snowball sampling technique was used and the number of subjects was decided to be 25 according to the principle of theoretical saturation the reliability and validity of the data were determined by transferability and dependability.

By using information retrieval tools, they can access their required information in various fields, become informed about conferences and educational workshops, rethink their experience as well as improve their self-confidence in responding to students' questions. By using tools content production and presentation, they can produce high-quality multimedia contents, design various learning activities, encourage students to participate in activities, and adopt active teaching methods. Finally, teachers can make use of interactive tools to express their experience and receive feedback, exchange information with other teachers and scholars, improve their communication skills, get involved in participatory learning along with their colleagues and conduct team projects.

The findings of this study showed that Iranian teachers use three tools of information retrieval, production and presentation of content and interactive tools to develop themselves professionally with respect to content, pedagogical and technological knowledge. Based on the findings, teachers can use the retriveal tools to find the information they need in a variety of areas, such as information about the field of study and the latest changes in textbooks, information about students' educational issues, teaching methods, evaluation methods, research methods, learning theories, education in other countries as well as time, place and themes of wbinars and conferences. The results also showed that teachers can use interactive tools to express their experiences and use the opinions of others to improve them; create a participatory atmosphere; strengthen their critical thinking; improve their writing skills and promote their skills in using word processors; exchange information with experts and colleagues; strengthen their conversational skills; work with partners and experts on collaborative projects; and design individual and group learning activities. So teachers can use cyberspace as a platform to empower themselves professionally. 

The advent of new technologies has led to major changes in the classroom that caused changes in educational structures, patterns of behavior within the education system, and even instructional content. The use of teaching aids reflects the fact that the age of the teacher as the only force with educational authority has ended. Traditional educational classes are no longer very effective because they depend on specific time and place and cannot provide a real and appropriate context for learning. New technologies provide rich resources that can provide an opportunity for learners to grow. Today, one of the effective factors in motivating students is to use information and communication technology in education. In addition, one of the important goals of teaching and learning is to help students learn how to think productively by combining high-level thinking (evaluating ideas) with creative thinking (creating new ideas). Using modern information and communication technologies, students and teachers are aided to learn and improve thinking skills. Augmented reality is one of the new educational technologies that has been recognized by educational researchers. The effectiveness of augmented reality can be extended to other types of technology, such as mobile devices. The use of smartphones has led augmented reality applications to overspread in almost every area of study. The purpose of this study thus was the effect of educational augmented reality on perceived motivational atmosphere and high level thinking in students.

The methodology of research was Quasi-experimental, with pretest-posttest and control. The population of the study was all second grade high school students in twelve Tehran city. 60 of them were selected by cluster sampling method and were replaced in two groups (30 person experimental groups and 30 person control groups). The research tools consisted of a perceived motivational atmosphere questionnaire and a high level of thinking by Saramd et al (2011). The experimental group was trained in six sessions of one-hour with educational augmented reality. Data analysis was performed using SPSS24 software and to test the research hypotheses used from multivariate covariance analysis.

The findings of the study showed that the effect of educational augmented reality on perceived motivational atmosphere and high level thinking in the experimental group was significantly higher than of the control group. Also, the effect of educational augmented reality on the component of follow up progress by students in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group, but on the other components of perceived motivational atmosphere, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups.

The results showed that augmented educational reality affects the perceived motivational atmosphere and high-level thinking of students and improves the perceived motivational atmosphere and high-level thinking in students. Educational augmented reality also influences one of the components of motivational atmosphere (student follow-up progress). Because the most important advantage of augmented reality is its unique ability to create mixed learning environments using a combination of digital and physical objects, in this way, skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, and communication through shared exercises are easily developed; and with the use of this technology and interaction with it, students' motivation increases. This technology helps students collect, process, and recall information. In addition, it will lead to interesting and joyful learning for students. Using augmented reality in teaching to provide students with teaching materials is one of the best teaching and learning methods; students can solve scientific problems virtually by wearing augmented reality glasses or taking a mobile phone camera on textbooks in the environment. They see the real things and easily understand everything. Therefore, it increases students' motivation and helps them to acquire better skills.  

The educational system, each decade, faces special audience as learners. These students have special educational characteristics, needs, interests, and preferences that significantly improve the policies, quantity, and quality of the educational system services. The emergence of a generational phenomenon in academic discourses are addressed with themes such as "students of this period of time" and issues such as the differences between the students of the current period of time and the past with respect to motivation, scientific perseverance, academic interests, and academic ethics. The subject of the differences between the learners of one period and another is referred to as the generation gap. Generational issues are one of the most important themes in the field of education, especially higher education. In the early years of the 21st century, some theories about the new generation entering universities were proposed stating that these learners have certain characteristics due to their birth and growth in the age of technology. Labels such as Digital Natives, Millennial, Network Generation, and Digital Learner have been set. The present study aims to validate the Digital Native Characteristics Scale (DNAS).

Regarding to the issue of validity consideration in electronic versions of the instruments; therefore, electronic and printed versions of this scale validated by descriptive-survey method. The population included 7320 undergraduate students of Birjand University who were studying in the academic year 2017-2018. The number of samples in the present study was 374 students who selected from 10 faculties of Birjand University based on the table of sample size of Krejcie and Morgan and using cluster sampling method. The sampling method was such that one class was randomly selected in each faculty, and about 50% of the class population randomly completed the Digital Natives Measurement Scale  electronically and the other 50% in print.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that both electronic and printed versions had satisfactory validity and reliability. The scale revealed 4 features for digital natives, including: (1) grow up with technology; (2) reliance on the graphic in communication; (3) multitasking; and (4) instant feedback. The electronic version and printed version explained 65.71% and 62.43% of the variance respectively. The total reliability was obtained by Cronbach alpha for the electronic and printed version were α = 0.89 and α = 0.91 respectively. All four identified components in both print and electronic versions had optimum reliability.

Comparing the psychometric characteristics of the two electronic and printed formats in the present study did not show a significant difference between these versions. According to the research findings that have confirmed the construct validity and reliability of this scale, this instrument can be used in future research for the purpose of measuring the characteristics of digital natives in Iranian culture and at the academic community. However, pre-university courses it require more research. Also, this instrument can be used for educational design and teaching purposes by educational designers and can be used to adapt the training to the characteristics of this generation. Despite the optimal validity and reliability of the scale in this research, it is recommended that new instruments be designed and validated in future research considering the findings of the present study and using generational theories in Iran.   

Among the many factors that are involved in the field of education, the role of the teacher is certainly more prominent than others, and in fact the leadership of the future generation of any society is in the hands of the teachers of that society. Therefore, the teachers’ personality should be projected in a way that students accept them as a knowledgeable, kind, and honest leader and consider them as their role model. Obviously the teachers can fulfill their educational mission and meet the social expectations when they have sufficient and necessary qualities. One of these qualities that is related to the success or failure of teachers, is self-efficacy. Another important feature is the attitudes of teachers towards their jobs that guarantee organizational efficiency. In addition, these factors increase competition and better performance among teachers in the future, and have a strong relationship with students’ success. Considering the importance of professional attitudes and self-efficacy, the present study intends to examine the effectiveness of flipped instruction on professional attitude and self-efficacy of high school teachers in Tehran.

The present study is a non-empirical quantitative research with a causal-comparative (retrospective) method. The statistical population included all high school teachers at 22 districts of Tehran who adopted inverse teaching method. Using purposive available sampling method, 15 teachers who had the highest score in terms of gender, years of experience, type of employment, and the district of service were selected as the study group. 15 counterparts who were teaching via the conventional methods were selected as the control. To investigate the effectiveness approach, the dependent variables of professional attitude and self-efficacy were examined by related questionnaires. To analyze the data, multiple analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance were used.

The results indicate that the level of the professional attitude and self-efficacy in general and the components of self-efficacy were significantly higher for teachers using flipped classroom methods than teachers who used conventional methods in their class.

The present study showed that a teaching method can also have a positive effect on teachers' professional attitude and self-efficacy. For better efficiency of this method, parents are required to cooperate with teachers and the country's officials are expected to introduce this approach in in-service courses. It is recommended to researchers to include male samples teachers with less than 20 years of experience in their studies in other parts of the country. 

Nowadays, information technology, has affected the production, distribution, and use of knowledge-based processes. Among other things, the Internet of Things as a network of objects connected to each other can bring new capacities in all fields. The aim of the present research is to examine the opportunities and challenges that the Internet of Things can have in relation to the higher education system. The concept of connecting devices and objects to each other is a new development on the Internet; anything anywhere can connect to the Internet and be "smart". Connected devices can communicate with each other and share information, then this information can be processed and lead to making decisions. This concept is called the "Internet of Things (IOT)." The wide range of applications of IOT has enabled educational environments at all levels to benefit from it. In terms of the role of IoT in higher education, this domain includes energy storage, monitoring the health and safety of students, optimizing the physical envriornment of the campus and classrooms, as well as enabling students to attend remotely. The main point that seems to differentiate IOT from other past technologies is that older methods cover a limited range of areas of higher education. With the use of various IOT tools, all these tools and facilities can be made intelligent and use for educational, research and service providing purposes. The aim of this study is to investigate the role and function of the IOT in the processes of knowledge production, transmission and application in higher education system.

For this purpose, the systematic approach and the Chelkland SSM method were used. By refer to several internal and external scientific information databases, 25 related articles were identified. Then, without any sampling, all of these articles were studied by the researchers and their contents are divided into four categories: the introduction of the internet of things, the role of the internet of things in educational functions, the opportunities of the internet of things for higher education and the challenges of the internet of things in higher education, and they were organized in the dimensions of the input, process and output of the higher education system.

The findings of the research indicate that the internet of things, by providing advanced information services, provides a flexible and measurable system for academic community that can be used to personalize training and reinforcement of learning, better management of educational processes, and more effective logistic management etc. The use of the internet of things will also challenge higher education, which violation of privacy, security issues, and rising costs are some of these challenges.

In the present study, an attempt was made to introduce IOT and its opportunities and challenges for higher education system by reviewing the related literature. IOT is a technology that covers a wide range of applications in the university, from classrooms to laboratories, colleges and parking lots, and more. Within the system, IOT can be used to support the higher education chain and facilitate communication between input, output, and the process, and facilitate monitoring, control, and management of the university's system. In other words, the IOT operates communication center for the university system. In the dimension of higher education and university process, the IOT can be effective in student interaction and participation, evaluation, mental and physical health, classroom management, satisfaction, attendance, time saving as well as faculty management, energy saving, information searching, improving security in the university environment, providing real learning, personal growth and development for both the university instructors and the students, and so on. Of course, as mentioned, the use of this technology has cetain challenges. These challenges include security and privacy risks, high costs, connection to the Internet, scalability, self-organization and acceptance, etce. But despite this, experts generally see the future of this technology as more practical and important than it is now

Assignment is an activity given to learners after teaching and can be done in the classroom under teacher's supervision or outside the classroom. Some of the assignments that are done as a part of classroom work in the learning environment are called class assignments, and others are taken home by the learner so that they can benefit from parents’ assistance in addition to teacher support. Thus, part of the learner's time outside the school environment is devoted to homework. In general, homework is an important principle in the teaching-learning process. Researchers believe that classroom assignments provide learners with the opportunity to practice more on the concepts presented in class. Teachers also use classroom assignments to help learners learn and engage after class time, and parents become aware of their children's learning process. This research has been conducted to examine the effect of type of structured and semi-structured tasks on the behavioral engagement and motivational engagement of students in Educational Sciences in academic year of 2016-2017.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all the students of Bu-Ali Sina university in the field educational science in academic year of 2016-2017. Of these, 30 students were selected through a random sampling procedure and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 per group). A group with structured task and another with semi-structured assignments. Data was collected by Thinou's Engagement Questionnaire (2009). Validity of this questionnaire has been obtained  through content validity and formalism, and  reliability of the questionnaire in the internal consistency of the questionnaire, using Cronbach's alpha was 0.96 and in the sub-components this value for behavioral involvement was 0.90 and motivational engagement 0.92. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics including frequency, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics including independent sample t-test and covariance analysis test were used.

The results revealed that there is no difference between the type of structured and semi-structured tasks and student motivational and behavioral engagement.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that both types of tasks, semi-structured and structured, provide engaging conditions for learners. Semi-structured tasks, due to their greater degree of independence and identity, lead to learners’ commitment, satisfaction and the structure of the learner's intellectual control. Structured assignments, due to their features such as regularity and similarity to the structure of long-term memory, as well as careful planning and scheduling, make people less stressed make them do their homework without ambiguity, and as a result, the person does the without worrying about running out of time. They also increase a person's emotional involvement.  

The advancement of information technology in the field of portable technologies has made it possible to develop omnipresent learning. Mobile learning (learning everywhere) is a new learning environment in which the learner is placed in a real-world scenario, with access to online resources, through portable tools and wireless networks. On the other hand, augmented reality has helped to complement human sensory perceptions of the environment by positioning them in the middle of the real world and the virtual world and creating an environment in which virtual components are combined in a dynamic interaction with the real environment. Portable augmented reality technology is a great tool for adding content to field visits by adding virtual components and information to a specific physical location. Such a tool can change the student-centered and inactive educational process into a student-centered and active process by creating a self-sufficient learning situation for students. The learning environment resulting from the combination of the real world and the virtual world is effective in creating a valid learning environment for students. Numerous studies have examined the application of augmented reality technologies in various educational fields such as engineering, medicine, ecology, science, art, history, etc. This study has used a tool based on augmented reality technology to enhance the efficiency of regular visits in teaching technical courses in the field of architecture.

This study is applied utilizing a quantitative research method.  Participants included 73 students in the mechanical engineering course divided into experimental groups (38) and control group (35) after an initial theoretical training and administering pre-tests. The instruments in this study were tests and questionnaires. The experiment took place over a three-week period creating an active learning environment.

The results of the study show that the application of the AR supplementary teaching tool contributes to enhance the students’ learning through the field visits and it is more effective than field visits in order to provide the satisfaction of learning approach and higher scientific validity from the students’ point of view.

The use of AR technology and the focus on important points in field visits have made the teaching and learning process more efficient and enjoyable for students. From the students' point of view, the knowledge credibility of the activity designed for the experimental group was higher than the activity designed for the control group. The combination of building information in a simple and understandable software caused valid and superior knowledge. 

In the process of design development, it is the duty of the architect to find appropriate answers to design issues based on his experience and knowledge to provide the design goals considering diverse criteria. Therefore, the ability to create new and unknown solutions to issues, commonly referred to as creativity, is one of the basic skills required from any architect. Responsiveness to the unique design issues requires a creative and flexible mindset. Accordingly, in teaching architecture, nurturing student creativity is critical to solving design issues. The present paper examines the extent of this goal realization in the undergraduate training course in architecture engineering in Iran.

The present study is designed and implemented based on the exploratory mixing research method and the two paradigms of positivism and poststructuralism. In this regard, the research population was clustered based on MSRT’s qualitative classification, and one university was selected from the largest cluster (third grade universities). Considering the dual nature of creativity, using two standard tests of creativity (Torrance and Ned Herrmann), and the degree of creativity of students in the study process at the Malayer university was measured. In addition, the level of readiness of the educational environment for the development of creativity is also measured. In the next stage of the research, the appropriateness of the educational environment for improving creativity was examined based on five basic indicators.  Graduated students were asked to evaluate their educational environment during their study in a closed-ended questionnaire based on these five criteria.

The results of the research indicated that students did not increase their general creativity and significantly reduced their use of imagination and creativity as a tool for problem solving during the training period. Based on the results of the research, the instability of goals and design values during the course of the curriculum resulting from the structure of the educational system is a major factor in the disability of the educational environment in the development of student creativity.

According to the results of examining general creativity of students, it seems that architecture education environment is useful for people with low general creativity, but it does not embrace very high creative students and provides conditions for high creativity to be suppressed and become close to the average creativity of the society. In general, this environment does not have a significant effect on the general creativity of the student community. On the other hand, a sharp decrease in the use of imaginative and creative thinking during the training course shows that the architectural design environment does not support and respect creative thinking and does not even tolerate creativity beyond a certain extent. 

At the present, the development of entrepreneurship is one of the core programs of developing countries. Therefore, investing on human resources aspects of entrepreneurship has a special place in these programs. Universities are expected to play a pivotal role in developing entrepreneurial capabilities. Universities are expected to provide the entrepreneurial capabilities needed by the society with an innovative trend. Also, the university can create entrepreneurial capabilities including knowledge, skills and entrepreneurial attitudes among graduates and they can promote these abilities in the society as the agents of social change. The purpose of this study was to explain the educational content characteristics with emphasis on entrepreneurship skills in engineering fields and comparing it with the current situation at Hormozgan university.

The method was a mix method. The population in the qualitative sector includes all the top entrepreneurs and college students and in the quantitative part it included all students and professors of Hormozgan university. Participants in the qualitative section were selected by desirable methods, and in the quantitative section, a stratified sampling method was used. The sample size was determined in the qualitative information saturation section and in the quantitative part by the Cochran formula. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the qualitative data was verified by checking members. In the quantitative section, by content and structure validity, and reliability by the Cronbach alpha. Qualitative data were analyzed by thematic analysis and quantitative data by descriptive statistics, t-test, and confirmatory factor analysis.

The extracted categories included the promotion of individual skills, the application of content, the technical principles of entrepreneurship and flexible content. The quantitative results of the quantitative survey indicate the unfavorable condition of the enumerated attributes for educational content.

The results of the study showed that from the perspective of the interviewed entrepreneurs and professors, features such as improving personal skills, flexible content, practical content and paying attention to the technical principles of entrepreneurship are among the important features that can promote entrepreneurship skills among students. It is suggested that more attention be paid to increasing individual abilities, including creativity, communication skills, and emotional skills. As the educational content moves away from the theoretical dimension, by introducing students to practical issues in various forms, prepare the ground for further development of entrepreneurial skills. It is also recommended that professors of engineering majors pay more attention to the needs, interests and talents of their students in choosing educational content to reduce the problem of their lack of motivation to learn.

In recent decades, the use of new information and communication technologies around the world has grown rapidly. The proliferation of personal computers, mobile phones or Android phones, and the easy access to the Internet provided by telephone operators have changed the lives of millions of people. These changes have directly and indirectly affected people's behaviors and habits, and even their cognitive and mental characteristics. As the use of the Internet by children and adolescents increases, there are concerns about their online safety. Providing a safe environment requires an in-depth understanding of the types of risks of the online environment, as well as effective solutions to reduce these risks. The issue of cyberspace abuses and the irreparable damage that this environment can do to personality and social image is a matter of consideration, the prevention of which is most of all the responsibility of the educational organizations, and particularly the family. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parental supervisory styles and internet safety of children among male and female students of high school.

Descriptive correlational (structural equation modeling) method was used at this study. All the second grade students of high school in Dezful and their parents in the academic year of 2017-2018 were statistical population of this study. According to the sample size, 375 people were selected based on Krejcie and Morgan's tables. Stratified sampling method and random cluster sampling were used for sampling. Two standard questionnaires of determining parental supervisory styles and a researcher-made questionnaire of checking the internet safety of children on a Likert scale were used to collect data. Frequency distribution, mean, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression and structural equation model test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the parenting styles and the level of internet safety of children. Parents' cordial behavior with their children and their proper control give more confidence among family members. The child who feels such a climate feels safe in expressing his Internet needs, the things that are encountered in using the internet, as well as the questions and problems encountered when using the internet will be more comfortable to discuss these issues with parent.

The results show that the highest Internet security of children is observed in the authoritarian regulatory style, followed by the authoritarian style and the negligent style; while the lowest internet security is observed in the non-interfering style. The results also showed that there was a significant relationship between parental supervision style and parental Internet security. Parents' sincere behavior and their proper control provide more trust among family members. The child who feels this atmosphere feel more secure and comfortable to express their needs about the Internet, the events that occur in using the Internet, and the questions and problems that they have while using the Internet. Parents with a friendly style and proper control have taken the necessary precautions to use the Internet safely and avoid serious risks. They have clearly set their own rules and expectations for children to use the Internet. And children are aware that they must respect these rules and expectations in order to be loved by their parents. In fact, this group of parents are not far behind their children in issues such as Internet literacy and media literacy, and they know and practice the etiquette of dealing with their children when they use the Internet. 

The use of new communication technologies, especially social networks in recent decades, has entered a new era and society; the society that Daniel Bell calls the post-industrial society; Tada Omsu, the network society; and Manuel Castell, the information society. The increasing development of electronic communication technologies such as satellite and Internet networks and their impact on many social, cultural, political and economic aspects, society has undergone such fundamental changes that some experts in virtual social networks called the virtual social media the new dimension of power in the 21st century. While we are witnessing a growing trend of users and members of Internet social networks, it is essential to know the various dimensions of networks and be aware of their effects. With the arrival of technology into the countries, we must always witness its ups and downs. The use of new technologies, in addition to creating opportunities, also becomes a threat. The purpose of this study was predicted the academic procrastination based on use of social networks with the intermediate role of self-regulation learning strategies among high school students.

The research method is applied research in terms of aim and is correlation in terms of the natures of subject. The statistical population includes all secondary school students in Hashtrood city. The sample size was 309 people based on the Morgan table and were selected randomly by multi-stage cluster sampling. Social networking questionnaire, self-regulation learning and academic procrastination were used to collect data. The opinions of related experts were used to determine the validity of the questionnaires and their reliability was determined by the coefficient of Cronbach's alpha (virtual networks, 0.88, self-regulatory learning strategy, 0.79; Academic procrastination, 0.80.

The results showed that the questionnaire had a good reliability. SPSS and Lisrel software were used to analyze data, Pearson correlation coefficient to examine the relationship between variables and the path analysis method to investigate the effect of variables.

The results showed that there is a relationship between social networks with academic procrastination and student self-regulation learning strategies, and has an indirect effect on student’s procrastination. Based on the results, the following suggestions are given: the national media should consider a program as informal education to inform about the harmful consequences of improper use of social networks. The country's Educational Research and Planning Organization and institutions related to the production of curriculum content, should develop content to raise students' awareness of how to properly use social networks. School principals should hold educational workshops to raise awareness of the student community so that students become aware of the disadvantages and advantages of virtual networks and can use social networks to promote education. School principals need to keep in touch with students' parents and keep them informed of students' behaviors and practices so that parents can contribute to students' academic lives. - Teachers should inform students about their educational status in order to eliminate students' negligence. Principals, teachers and parents of students should cooperate in order to control the optimal use of social networks by students. Teachers inform students about the benefits and goals of using self-regulated learning strategies. Teachers should teach students how to use self-regulated learning strategies in the learning process in appropriate opportunities such as extracurricular activities.