مجله رهیافت های سیاسی و بین المللی
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 65، بهار 1400)

In Iran, various answers have been given to the failure of development programs. The importance of the "intellectual foundations of development" has not, however, been taken into consideration in this regard. "Theories of Development" were initially developed by schools such as the “Economics of Growth » and « Modernization Theory», which were formulated based on the paradigmatic assumptions of "modern political science" and "classical economics." In recent decades, however, new theories of development, such as "Development Ethics" and "Human Hevelopment", have explicitly referred to two civic paradigms, namely the "public arena paradigm" and «Market Paradigm and have introduced norms such as "justice", "freedom", and "good life" into development issues. However, in the end, the tension between the two types of civic paradigms has also strained these new theories. Here, the "phenomenology of the civil" as a kind of intellectual-philosophical basis that can prepare development free from the tension existing Development Paradigms.

Philosophical and sociological thought flows have provided a very diverse range of thoughtful and imaginative thoughts and are constantly trying to transform people into subjects of development and change. All the thinkers seek to promote ideas that aim at simultaneously rewarding the capacity of some humans like themselves and humiliating the authority of some other human beings. This has led to the creation of a turbulent and crowded society whose people live like silent, silent wanderers. Individuals are so dominated by philosophers and sociologists as if the true nature of man is the same, and no other substitute can be imagined. Jacques Rancier, a French-speaking thinker, is a critic of these intellectual currents and tries to attack the boundaries of representativeness of the schools of thought, politics, society, and philosophy instead of not paying attention to the dark realm of thought. In the following article, the author attempts to answer the question of how Ranser, using a static method, does not consider the positivist and discursive methods in political science and sociology. In answering this question, the aesthetic method, Mr. Rancier, looks at the power of poetry in human existence, the human being disappears in a vibrant, contemporary world. In answering this question, the aesthetic approach of Mr. Rancier, by looking at the power of poetry in human existence, has left man disappearing in a vibrantcontemporary world.

One of the bases for promoting democracy is the existence of sub-national elected collective entities, with representative members which make constructive decisions on the behalf of constituencies, exemplified by local councils.  In I. R. Iran, such institutions have manifested in many forms, most importantly, in forms of City and Village Islamic Councils functioned in all levels and representatively. Drawing on a qualitative content analysis and using library and documentary data, this paper argues that local institutions competencies stipulated by the Constitution may allow for identifying the leading principles shaping the enhanced performance in I.R. Iran. The findings show that identifying such leading principles can open up new research horizons on suggesting some practical solutions and removing the legal and policy obstacles faced by decision-makers.

Influential and influential sources are the software tools of countries in implementing strategies and pursuing foreign policy goals, especially at the regional level. In the Middle East, too, many countries are trying to build and increase their influence and influence in the region and the Islamic world. One of these countries is Saudi Arabia, which uses its various tools and resources to increase its influence in the region and the Islamic world, and especially to counter Iran's power and influence. Saudi Arabia cites Iran's role in strengthening the resistance axis, its influence in the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and the formation of the Shiite Crescent, among many other factors, as Iran's intervention and influence in the Arab Middle East Area and reduce your power. For this reason, in addition to military and hard power, using resources and tools of influence and influence, seeks to increase its power and influence and pursue a regional strategy against Iran. Therefore, the present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to analyze and explain the sources and tools of Saudi Arabia's power and influence in the region and the Islamic world and against Iran and ultimately the obstacles and weakness of Saudi influence in the region.

In this research by using two theories namely structure- agency and needs pyramid of Maslow, has been tried to answer this question: what are achievements and challenges of impediments of political liberalization in Qatar from 1995 onward? The research hypothesis is, Qatar society has been seen some achievements and primitive political liberalization such as in media sphere specially in Aljazeera satellite network, nearly competitive election, primitive expression freedom and reformation in constitution and parliament. But nevertheless have been had serious challenges in this process due to structural reasons such as absence of serious political willingness in sovereignty for deep and comprehensive reformation, socio-political conservative structure, mootness of strong traditional and cultural norms and non- structural reasons such as: weakness of civil agents and assemblies and priority of more people’s welfare-subsistence needs to political liberalization. The main finding of this article follows that: in spite of non-denying of some reformation and primitive political liberalization, this country has had more gap with real and consolidated democracy due to structural challenges and impediments and non- structural one’s among of agents and citizens.

One of the most important aspects of contemporary terrorism is the gender terrorism against the mainstream of terrorism. The increasing the number of terrorist women, the growth of suicide attacks by women, the widespread use from modern technology in the recruitment of women by terrorist organizations and the expansion of women's employment at various levels of terrorist organizations lead to the global attention to this phenomenon. In analyze the female terrorism the most important questions are that; what are the motivations of women for membership in terrorist organizations and also the goals of terrorist organizations for employing women in terrorist actions? To answer this questions, this paper with review of history of women's involvement in terrorism, has been examined the women's motivations for membership, and the goals of terrorist organizations for women's employment. Women's goals are a set of personal, psychological, social, economic, and ideological motivations. On the other hand, terrorist organizations exploit women for the many strategical and tactical benefits. This article attempts to analyze this hypothesis by using the causal explanation method and content analysis, using the background of important terrorist organizations, especially al-Qaeda and the ISIL.

Salafi terrorism from its inception until now, it has gone through a process of transformation and created different forms of terrorism. Recognition of this process is essential According to the root cause of the development and evolution of this phenomenon. The study seeks to examine Salafist terrorism through documentary study with Using qualitative approach and Foucault's genealogical approach. It seems that the origins and problems of Salafist terrorism have always been external threats, which appear in the form of critical identification with radicalism. Salafist terrorism has evolved in the idea and construction of power. Salafi ideology has evolved from the stage of the idea of ​​Takfir and jihad to the critical Egyptian Salafi discourse and the Salafist terrorist organization from a logistical institution to a kind of umbrella of globalization with decentralized nuclei. Salafi terrorism can be divided into two types: Arab (Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Iraq) and Indian (India, Pakistan and Afghanistan).