مجله علوم باغبانی ایران
سال پنجاه و یکم شماره 4 (زمستان 1399)

In order to maintain the postharvest quality and vase life of the "Stanza" cultivar of gerbera cut flowers, an experiment was designed as split-plot for time based on a completely randomized design, with four replications, at 2018 in horticulture department of Ilam university. The treatments consisted of preharvest application of Spermine 2 mM and γ-Aminobutyric acid 2mM (GABA), as sub-plot, at two stages (2T) of spraying (the stage of emergence of flower branch and 10 days later) and three stages (3T) of spraying (the stage of emergence of flower branch, 7 and 10 days later) that investigated, as the main plot, at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days postharvest at 22±1 °C and relative humidity of 65 to 70%. The results showed that, respectively, spermine 3T, spermine 2T, GABA 3T and GABA 2T treatments increased vase life and maintaind postharvest quality of Gerbera cut flowers compared to the control. The results of the 9th day showed that the highest fresh weight, absorption of vase solution (VSU), soluble solids, protein, phenol and total flavonoid, activity of the catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), as well as the lowest ion leakage (EL), malondialdehyde MDA and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity respectively were observed in Spermine and GABA treatments, and in some of the studied traits, there was no significant difference between two and three stages of spraying. Therefore, the use of spermine 3T as the best treatment in present study is recommended as an application method to increase the vase life of "Stanza" cultivar of gerbera cut flowers.

Biochar is a new environmental technology that can be used to reduce the accumulation of soil contamination. To evaluate the effects of biochar of cutflower glayolon growth characteristics and the accumulation of heavy metals of lead and cadmium in lettuce, a factorial experiment as a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted and amount of glayol biochar at three levels (0, 5, 10 g/kgsoil), cadmium (0, 10, 20 mg/kg soil) and lead (0, 300, 600 mg/kg soil) were tested. The results showed that the highest amount of lettuce traits including leaf area, height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and fresh and dry weight of root were found at the rate of 5 g glayol biochar /kg soil. Increment of glayol biochar levels from 5 to 10 g/kg soil decreased all mentioned traits. Application of 5 g biochar /kg soil of at the highest concentrations of lead and cadmium decreased the concentration of lead and cadmium in the plant (shoot+root) up to 27.38 and 21.87 %. The highest rate of biochar, lead and cadmium reduced growth traits, and increased the uptake of lead and cadmium in plant tissues and their concentrations in soil. In fact, glayol biochar (5g /kg soil), because of high specific surface area, adsorbed lead and cadmium on their surfaces and cause to reduce the absorption of these two elements and improved growth characteristics in lettuce.

The physiological and biochemical traits of 12-year-old olive trees cvs. Zard and Direh were studied in response to thermal fluctuations during growing seasons in Tarom region (Zanjan province, NW of Iran) for two successive years 2017-2018. The experiment was carried out as split plots in time based on complete randomized block design (cultivar as main plot and time as sub-treatment). The sampling and data recording were performed during four different time including; May, July, August and September correspond to the 28, 45, 44 and 36 °C, respectively. The results showed that the photosynthesis rate of cv. Direh during stressful high temperature conditions at July, and in compare to May decreased two times more than cv. Zard. Cultivar Zard, in spite of its high photosynthesis rate, showed lower amount of cumulative shoot growth and dry weight, which was mainly due to the large amount of fruit yield efficiency in this cultivar. The proline accumulation in leaf tissue of ‘Direh’ failed to play a constructive role in developing higher heat stress tolerance in this cultivar. The soluble carbohydrates concentration in ‘Zard’ was higher than ‘Direh’ during all period of study. In general, cv. Zard had more tolerance to increased heat stress during growth season.

One of the problems in almond production is self-incompatibility in this plant, which is considered as an important point of breeding. Self-incompatibility causes non-uniformity of harvesting time as well as some of garden management and pollination problems. Most cultivars of almonds have gametophytic self-incompatibility that is controlled by a multi-allelic gene locus. The fertilization inhibitor factor in this phenomenon, pollen tube growth stops in the middle of the style. The purpose of this research was identification and determination of the self-compatible genotype in the Yazd province.in this investigation better genotypes of almond were collected and after DNA extraction was done, in order to detect S alleles in different almond and some hybrid genotypes, the specific primer pairs, including AS1II-AmyC5R, ConF-ConR and Cebador2-Cebador8, were used in the polymerase chain reaction. In polymerase chain reaction, using the AS1II-AmyC5R and Cebador2-Cebador8 primers, the Sf allele with the size of 1200 base pairs was detected. Using the ConF-ConR pair of primer, the S1, S2, S3, S10, S11, S23, and S31 alleles were detected in the self-incompatible samples. Using AS1II-AmyC5R pair of primer, the known alleles of S3, Sf, S2, S1, S5, S10 S11 S23, and S13 were detected. The other bands obtained from the PCR were related to the known self-in-compatibility alleles that might be considered as new alleles.  According to the obtained results, S1, S2, S3, and S11alleles had the highest frequency and S5, S23, S10, S13and S31alleles respectively had the lowest frequency.

Amaryllis is one of the ornamental bulbous plants that its proliferation is commercially slow. Application of tissue culture techniques can be a suitable way to increase the propagation rate of this ornamental plant. This study was conducted in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of light condition and position of twin scales in the mother bulb was evaluated on the regeneration of Amaryllis twin scales. In the second experiment, the effects of different concentrations of sucrose (30, 60 and 90 g/l) and the position of twin scales in the mother bulb investigated. MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l BA+0.1 mg/l NAA was used. Experiments were carried out in a factorial arrangement with five replications in a completely randomized design. Results showed that 16-hour light condition lead to production of more bulblets than dark condition. In terms of bulblet diameter, the brightness conditions were superior to the dark condition. The findings of this study showed the superiority of the outermost twin scales compared to innermost twin scales. Bulblets regenerated from twin scale group 1 were thicker than the other treatments and their dry weight was also higher. Application of sucrose at a concentration of 60 g /l to the culture medium resulted in the production of bulblets with the highest dry weight. By increasing the concentration of sucrose from 60 to 90 g/ l, there was a significant decrease in the regenerated bulblet diameter. Generally, application of medium containing 60 g/l sucrose, twin scales group 1 and 16-hour light conditions is recommended to increase the multiplication rate of Amaryllis.

The aim of this study was to investigate of the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Mentha longifolia collected from different regions of Lorestan province (Khorramabad, Aleshtar, Delfan) and to determine the antibacterial activities against three certain bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli). The chemical profiling of the essential oil was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. GC-MS analysis revealed that essential oil of M. longifolia from Khorramabad region was constituted by pulegone (54.41%) and 1, 8-cineole (22.05%) as a major component. M. longifolia from Aleshtarwas rich in piperitenone (29.29%), pulegone (17.53%), piperitenone oxide (14.35%), 1, 8-cineole (14.34%) and the main component of M. longifolia from Delfanwas citronelyll acetate (59.93%), aromadrene (5.1%), respectively. A significant correlation between geographical and soil characteristics, except phosphorus and electrical conductivity, with the essential oils components was detected. The results obtained using MIC and MBC showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oil of M. longifolia from studied regionwas in the range of 0.03-2 mg/mL. The most effective essential oil in bacterial inhibition for E. coli and S. aureus bacteria was the essential oil from Aleshtar and Delfan, respectively. Two bacteria P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were least susceptible to M. longifolia essential oil from Khorramabad region. The essential oil of M. longifolia from different regions of Lorestan provinc exhibited low to high inhibitory activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria,.which depended to the region of collected plants and studied bacterial strains. In this research, three components citronellyl acetat, citronellal and aromandrene was detected in M. longifolia essential oil for the first time

Cut rose growers take out a high content of rose shoots as debrises throughout the year that can be use as a new nutrient content resources by some processes for plant nutrition. To evaluate the effect of biochar and slow release fertilizer on growth ofCyclamen persicum seedlings an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six replications. Biochar fertilizer used at three levels (0, 2.5 and 5% w/w) and slow release fertilizer (15N- 10P – 20K- 3MgO- 13S+ TE) with polymer coating at three levels (0, 1.5 and 3 kg/m3) in a peat-moss and perlite medium mixed (60:40% v/v). The results showed that 5% (w/w) biochar accompanying with 3 kg/m3 of slow release fertilizer had the highest shoot fresh weight, width of the first leaf and total chlorophyll content. Three kg/m3 ofslow-fertilizer showed the highestpercent of shoot dry weight, plant height, canopy width, leaf number, root length, leaf area and carotenoid content. In general, probably biochar and slow release fertilizer accelerated the growth due to increase in nutrition efficiency and reduced nutrients leaching in the medium.

In order to investigate the effect of various concentrations of nano-chelated calcium (0, 2 and 3 g/l) on growth, morphological parameters and vase life of three gerbera cultivars in hydroponic system, a factorial experiment based on compelitly randomized design with three replications was carried out. The results showed that nano-chelated calcium treatment increases the post-harvest vase life of gerbera cut flower. The highest vase life (10 days) belonged in 3 l/g of nano-chelated calcium in Intense cultivar and the lowest vase life (5 days) was observed in control Amlet cultivar. By nano - chelated calcium spraying the calcium content in the treated plants increased compared to the control plants. There was a positive relationship between the application of nano-chelated calcium and increased photosynthetic pigment, relative leaves water content, soluble carbohydrate content and stomata conduction, while there was no positive relationship between nano-chelated calcium and proline. However, in different growth factors, there was no significant difference between two levels of 2 g/l and 3g/l. Therefore 2 g/l nano-chelated calcium treatment before harvesting is recommended to improve the growth conditions as well as to improve the post-harvest survival of gerbera cut flower.

Iran is the third distribution center of the genus Eremurus with seven species, three subspecies and one hybrid. In order to study inter and intra specific genetic variation, 87 genotypes representing six species including E. inderiensis, E. olgae, E. persicus, E. stenophyllus, E. luteus and E. spectabilis collected from nine provinces were evaluated in terms of quantitative and qualitative morphological traits. Factors analysis showed that five components accounted 96% of total variances. Inflorescence, shoot and plant height, flower color, leaf number and fruit shape were constituted as main factors. Cluster analysis divided genotypes into six clusters at species level. The populations within each group were geographically different, indicating that there was no relationship between cluster pattern based on morphological traits and geographic distribution of the specimens. Calculating correlation coefficients using morphological data showed that there were positive correlations among most of the quantitative traits. Generally, the results showed that Eremurus genotypes have a high genetic diversity in regard to the studied traits. Based on morphological results, E. olgae and E. stenophyllus have breeding potential for cut flower, while E. inderiensis, E. persicus and E. luteus are suitable species for rock gardens and landscape design applications.

In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and salicylic acid application on morphological and physiological characteristic of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. a factorial experiment based on a complete randomized block design with four water deficit stress levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 30% FC) and three levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) in three replications was performed in greenhouse condition. Water deficit stress decreased plant, leaf and stem dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, carotenoids content and essential oil yield, while these traits increased by application of SA. Total phenol content was increased by water deficit stress and SA application. The highest level of plant (18.2g), leaf (6.6g), and stem (8g) dry weight were observed in 100% FC with 0.5 mM SA. Essential oil yield was decreased by water deficit stress and the highest level of this character was obtained in 100% FC with 0.5 mM SA application. According to the obtained results, Z. clinopodioides needs to irrigate at field capacity along with  0.5 mM SA in order to reach to the highest growth and chemical yields.

One of the most important species of roses is the Damask rose, some of whose cultivars are important for the production of essential oil and others are cultivated as garden roses. In order to investigate effect of indole buteric acid (IBA), growing media and cuttings diameter on the quality of rooting, an experiment was designed a factorial based on randomized complete design with 30 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment contained growing media at 3 levels (cocopeat 30%+perlite 70%, cocopeat 50%+perlite 50% and sand 50%+perlite 50%), IBA concentration at 5 levels (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 mg L-1) and stem diameter at 2 levels (5-13 and 13-20 mm). Results showed that the survival rate of Damask rose was significantly increased by increasing the concentration of IBA up to 3,000 mg.L-1. The highest number of leaves was observed in 2000 and 3000 mg.L-1 of IBA and more thick cuttings. Interaction between IBA concentration and cuttings diameter in most traits was significant, except for root number. The highest root length, root number, leaf number, viability, and longest root length were observed in culture media 30:70 cocopeat and perlite. According to results, 2000 mg L-1 IBA, thicker cuttings and cocopeat 30%+perlite 70% growing media could be suggested for maximum survival percentage and root density.

Golab apple is a commercial cultivar of Iran, has short post-harvest life due to its high metabolic activity and browning caused by mechanical damage. The experiment was done in factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor was coating in five levels, coating of Aloe vera gel 30% and 60% v/v in combination with Shirazi thyme essential oil with a concentration of 120 µll-1 andwithout any cover) and the second facor was storage duratiom in five levels (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after havesting). Results indicated that the coating of 60% Aloe vera gel with essential oil of Shirazi thyme had a significant effect on reducing weight loss and ripening index, so that it decreased the weight loss and ripening index of 3.8% and 31.1% in comparison with control, respectively. Also, the mentioned treatments, leading to retained free-radical scavenging and total phenol accumulation of fruit treated with Aloe vera enriched with essential of Shirazi thyme. The coated apples with Aloe vera gel 60% and also Aloe vera gel 60%+Shirazi thyme essential oil increased the fruit firmness by 55.5% and 62/2%, respectively, compared to control. The results of the sensory evaluation indicated that the coating of Aloe vera gel in combination with the essential oil of Shirazi thyme did not have any negative effect on the taste and appearance of apple (cv. Golab).

Mexican lime is well-liked by many consumers due to aroma, good taste and high acidity, and is widely used in the industry as an additive food. The experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete design. The treatments were sodium nitroprusside at three levels (0, 7.5 and 15μM) and storage time at four levels (harvest time, 20, 40 and 60 days after harvest). The results showed that the application of SNP prevented TSS content of fruits in storage. The highest TA was related to fruit at harvest time. There was no difference in total acidity and vitamin C until the 20th day of storage of the fruits treated with SNP and control. Non -use of SNP increased fruit weight loss during storage, and its application was slowed down to prevent water from evaporating from the fruit surface. Application of 7.5 and 15 μM SNP preserved chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content in fruit skin after 40 days of storage. Application of 7.5 and 15 μM SNP prevented fruit rot in 20th day of storage. Finally, the result showed that immersion of Mexican lime fruits at 7.5 μM SNP preserves fruit skin chlorophyll, slows weight loss, inhibits soluble solids increasing and preserves vitamin content and recommended to extend the storage life of horticultural products.

The selection of promising progenies in the early stages is one of the methods for rootstock breeding of fruit trees. In this study, vegetative traits in 11 apple genotypes with MM111 as control were investigated. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the genotypes of the studied bases in terms of vegetative traits and were classified into three general categories based on their growth potentials: 1. AR4, AR8, AR11, as dwarf genotypes with the lowestbiomass, the lowest growth rate and the highest stomatal density per leaf area unit. 2. AR1, AR3, AR6, AR7, AR9as vigorous genotypes had the highest biomass, the highest growth rate and the lowest stomatal density per leaf area. 3. AR2, AR5, AR10, MM111 had an average amount of biomass, growth rate and stomatal density per leaf area. Dwarf genotypes had the highest and vigorous genotypes had the lowest ratio of dry weight of root to shoots. Longitudinal growth of root growth in genotype of apple rootstocks had no direct relation with rootstock vigor, but there was a reverse correlation with horizontal extension. AR1, AR4, AR5, AR10 genotypes had longer roots than other genotypes of rootstocks, with lowest horizontal extension of rootsand AR2, AR3, and AR8 genotypes with highest horizontal extension hed lowest longitudinal root growth.

In order to study the effects of foliar application of nano iron oxide particles and biofertilizers on root growth, antioxidant enzymes activity in two parts of root and leaf, as well as some other physiological characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) a pot experiment with factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in 2017 growing season at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrood. The first factor was foliar applications of nano iron oxide at three levels (F0= control, F1= 1.5 and F2= 3 g /1 l water) and the second factor was biofertilizers at five levels (B0= Control, B1= Glomus Intraradices, B2= Glomus mosseae, B3= Azospirillum and B4= Azotobacter solution). The results showed that activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, polyphenol oxidase in two parts of root and leaf was influenced by two factors of biological fertilizers and foliar application of nanoiron oxide particles, so that the use of biofertilizers reduced and with increasing iron oxide concentration, activity they increased. The highest activity of ascorbate peroxidase in leaf was obtained from F2B0 treatment. The interaction effect of foliar application of nanoiron oxide particles and biofertilizers had a significant effect on photosynthetic pigments and aerial dry weight, so that the highest amount of chlorophyll a was obtained from F2B1 treatment, chlorophyll b, aerial dry weight and iron of aerial from F2B2 treatment. According to the results of the experiment, the symbiosis with G. intrarardits fungus caused a significant increase in the absorption of nitrogen and iron elements in the plant.

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is one of the most valuable plant species from genus Rosa. Its essential oil is using in many industries, such as cosmetics, sanitary, and pharmaceutical. In present study, the chemical composition of damask rose essential oil was evaluated during different flower development stages: (1- flower bud 2- partially open flower 3- full open flower and 4- senescent flower) in Oroumieh region, during 2018. The damask rose essential oil was collected by distillation with water via Clevenger apparatus. The lowest and highest sap cell pH levels were observed at flower bud and senescent flower stages, respectively. Analysis of the chemical compositions of the essential oil was done by GC-MS technique and the most abundant compounds were nonadecane, heneicosane, citronellol, geraniol, and Z-5-nenadencene. The highest ratio of citronellol /geraniol was produced at the full open flower stage. The highest amount of a-pinene was produced in the flower bud stage and b-myrcene was produced solely in the flower bud stage. The highest amount of 2-phenyl ethanol alcohol, as well as eugenol and geranial compounds were exclusively produced at the full open flower stage; while docosane alkane was not produced at full open flower stage. The results manifested that due to the objective of using essential oils in cosmetic, health or pharmaceutical, different flower development stages can be selected for extraction.

Iron and zinc deficiencies are common in most limy soils of Iran. In order to study the effect of foliar application of iron and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrients concentrations of apple cultivar Gala an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Horticulture Research Station, University College of Agriculutre & Natural Resources, University of Tehran. The first factor was foliar application of zinc as zinc sulfate at three levels (0, 10 and 100 mg per liter) and the second factor was foliar application of iron as iron chelate at three levels (0, 100 and 1000 mg per liter). Results showed that the foliar application of iron and zinc had a significant effect on yield and leaf and fruit nutrients concentrations and increased the nutrient content of leaves and fruits. According to these results using iron increased yield, weight, iron, zinc and potassium content of leaves and the amount of iron, zinc, potassium, calcium and phosphorus of fruits also increased. Also zinc increased yield, TSS, zinc content of the leaves and the iron and zinc content of fruits. According to the results, the effect of treatments used on the leaves and fruits nitrogen content was not significant. This study showed foliar application of iron and zinc increased yield, quality and leaf and fruit nutrients concentrations of apple cv. Gala.

In order to accelerate the flowering time in four late flowering chrysanthemum cultivars, the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid and day length on flowering time and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replications. Cultivars included Ariamanesh, Roxana, Dina and Oran. Gibberellic acid treatment at four levels (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg/ l) and foliar application time at two levels (30 and 45 days after transplanting) were applied. Daytime treatments at three levels included 16 hours of light - 8 hours of darkness (control), 12 hours of light - 12 hours of darkness and 8 hours of light - 16 hours of darkness. In this experiment, the main and sub plots were day length and gibberellic acid, respectively. The studied traits included flowering stem length, flower number, flower diameter, dry weight of flowers and leaves, content of photosynthetic pigments, peroxidase and number of days to flowering. The results showed that the highest flower number, diameter and dry weight of flowers were obtained in the treatment of 300 mg/l gibberellic acid and 16 hours of darkness. Flowering time was accelerated by 300 mg/l gibberellic acid and 16 hours in the dark compared to the control for about 21 days. Dina cultivar was also recognized as the best cultivar in response to different levels of gibberellic acid and reduction in day length, so that the number of days to flowering in this cultivar compared to other cultivars showed a significant decrease.

Towards the cultivation of datura medicinal herb in a low cropping system, an experiment was conducted on split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, at the Research Station of Bayakola (Mazandaran), during 2016 and 2017. Experimental treatments were plant nutrition as a main plot at five levels (NPK, farmyard manure, compost, vermicompost and non-use of organic and inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizer as subplot at five levels (bio-phosphate, nitroxin, nitroxin + bio-phosphate, nano-bioumik and non-application of bio and nano bio-fertilizer. Results showed that the highest plant height (172.21 cm), number of branches per plant (63.59), number of leaves per plant (230.99), total plant leaf area (6567.93 cm2), leaf dry weight (477.33 g/plant), chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoid (1.806, 1.373 and 0.473 mg/g FW, respectively), total leaf carbohydrate (45.47 mg/g DW), seed protein (26.10 %), total alkaloids of leaf and seed (62.04 and 12.94 mg/g DW, respectively), number of fruits per plant (59.57), number of seeds per fruit (456.84), 1000 seeds weight (9.02 g) and seed yield (7927.4 Kg/ha) were belonged to the combination of vermicompost and nano-bioumik fertilizers treatments. Therefore, with respect to the necessity of producing medicinal plants in the low-input cropping systems and the high efficiency of vermicompost and nano bioumik combination treatment, using a load of it for two consecutive years are recommended for improving physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics of thorn apple.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of Trichoderma fungus on some morpho-physiological and flowering traits of tuberoseunder drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouses of Ferdowsi University in 2017. The first factor was drought stress at three levels (100 (Control), 50 and 25% FC) and the second factor was Trichodermaharzianum biat three levels (20, 10 and 0% pot weight). The results showed that drought stress increased the amount of antioxidant and proline and had a negative significant effect on fresh and dry weights of root and bulblet, Relative water content, leaf number, floret diameter and number of open florets, but Trichoderma largely moderated these negative effects. The highest amount of relative humidity content of leaf water (84.5%) was obtained at 10% level of fungus, which did not show a significant difference from 20% level of fungus. In the rest of the traits, the highest levels were found at 20% level of fungus. The interactions effect of fungus and droght stress on the floret diameter, fresh and dry weights of root and bulblet were significant and Trichoderma fungus improve the negative effects of drought stress. Trichoderma fungus, besides reducing the effects of drought stress, increases vegetative growth and bulblets and increases the number of open florets. Based on results, use of Trichoderma fungus can be suggested as a effective factor in increasing the quality of tuberoseflower in similar conditions.