نشریه مدیریت ارتقای سلامت
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 49، خرداد و تیر 1400)

Spinal cord injuries are one of the most serious injuries that cause many side effects. The aim of this study was to compare psychological distress and life satisfaction in spinal cord injury seekers and healthy individuals.

The present study was a descriptive-comparative study. The statistical population of the present study included all spinal disabled and healthy people in Zanjan. 122 people with spinal cord disabilities were selected by simple random sampling method and 125 healthy people were selected by convenience sampling. Subjects in the demographic questionnaire answered the “Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale” and the “Satisfaction with Life Scale”. Content validity was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS. 24.

Spinal cord patients have higher stress and anxiety than healthy individuals (0.01), but no statistically significant difference was observed in depression between the two groups. Life satisfaction of the spinal cord group is lower than the healthy group (0.01).

The physical condition of people with spinal cord injuries can affect their psychological state. It is suggested that the officials and people who are in contact with these people empower them psychologically in person by conducting training classes for spinal cord injury clients in person and virtually.

Spirituality and ethics are among the topics that are widely considered today in response to the complex environments of organizations, especially in sports environments. The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between spiritual intelligence and sports ethics in athletes of the NAJA championship base.  One of the topics that are widely considered today in response to the turbulent and complex environments in organizations is spirituality and ethics, which are very important in sports environments. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence and athletic ethics among the athletes of I.R.I. Police championship base.

This study was an applied study in terms of purpose which was conducted using descriptive-correlational research method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all athletes (260 individuals) of I.R.I. Police championship base in 2018. Samples were selected by total number method. The data were collected using demographic questionnaire, “Kings Spiritual Intelligence Scale” and “Sport Ethics Scale”. The content validity of the instruments was measured by qualitative method and the reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. After collecting the instruments, finally 216 questionnaires were analyzed in SPSS. 22.

There is a positive and significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and its subscales with sports ethics among athletes of the NAJA championship base (P <0.05).

There is a positive relationship between spiritual intelligence and sports ethics in athletes. Therefore, it is suggested that team coaches, by encouraging athletes to promote spirituality, help to develop and promote sports ethics among athletes.

Improving emotion control and sexual function are effective factors in reducing marital conflict. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of "Dialectical Behavior Therapy" on controlling emotions and sexual function in women with marital conflict. 

This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The study population of women with marital conflict referred to mental health centers in Rasht in 2020. For the study, 36 people were selected and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. Finally, the intervention group was reduced to 15 people who were randomly removed to analyze 3 members of the control group to homogenize the groups. In this study, demographic questionnaire, "Affective Control Scale (ACS)" and "Female Sexual Function Index" (FSFI) were used to collect data. Validity was sufficient for previous studies and the reliability of the instruments was confirmed by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. At the beginning of the intervention, research instruments were completed by the groups. The intervention group underwent "polemical behavior therapy" for 10 sessions of 90 minutes (2 sessions per week) and the control group was on the waiting list for training. Then both groups completed the instruments again after the intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS.19. 

There is a significant difference between the groups in both variables of emotion control (F = 546.366, P = 0.001) and sexual function (F = 84.375, P = 0.001) and according to the effect size values. 95% of changes in emotion control and 75% of changes in sexual function are due to "polarized behavior therapy" intervention (P <0.001). 

"Dialectical Behavior Therapy" has reduced affective control and increased sexual function in women in marital conflict. Therefore, planning for the use of "Dialectical Behavior Therapy" by psychologists and family counselors to improve the psychological and sexual functioning of women involved in marital conflict is suggested.

Online games have affected the lives of many people, including students. Playing for a long time is associated with self-control and sleep quality. The purpose of this study was to compare self-control, sleep quality, sexual difference and economic status of students who use problematic and non-problematic online games in West Azerbaijan.

The research method is descriptive-comparative. The statistical population was all tenth, eleventh and twelfth grade students of West Azerbaijan. The sampling method of this research is multi-stage cluster. Six schools and 36 classes were selected as the final sample of the research. The total number of subjects who use problematic and non-problematic online games was 544. The Research tools include demographic questionnaire, “Tangney’s Self-control Scale”, “Pittsburgh’s Sleep Quality Index”, “Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire”, Which had validity and reliability confirmed in previous studies. Also, data was analyzed using SPSS software version 24.

In terms of self-control, students who use problematic online games are weaker than students who use non-problematic online games (P≥0.01). Among the dimensions related to sleep quality, people who use problematic online games have a lower mental quality of sleep (P ≥ 0.01); have sleep disturbances and day time dysfunctions (P ≥ 0.01). In terms of gender, boy students were more problematic on online games than girls (P≥0.05). However, in terms of economic status, there was no difference between students who use problematic and non-problematic online games.

Students who use problematic online games are weak in terms of self-control and have a lower quality of sleep, more sleep disturbances and more day time dysfunctions. Therefore, it is suggested that by training behavior self-control, which leads to the implementation of self-monitoring, self-assessment and self-reinforcement methods, strengthen self-control and sleep quality in students.

Age and gender are among the variables related to individual differences that play an important role in self-knowledge, epistemological beliefs and personality traits. The aim of this study was to compare self-knowledge, epistemological beliefs and personality traits of students based on age and gender.

The study method was descriptive-comparative. The statistical population of the present study included all students of universities (Azad, Payame Noor, Applied Science and Technology, Non-profit and other national universities) in Tehran in the academic year of 1996-97. 400 students were selected by cluster random sampling. The research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, the “Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale”, the “Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire”, and the “NEO Five-Factor Inventory”. The validity of the instruments was confirmed by face validity and reliability by internal consistency by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed by SPSS. 23.

There was a significant mean difference in the scores of "agreeableness" personality traits in the group of male and female students and women scored higher than men (P <0.05). Also, there was a significant mean difference in the scores of epistemological beliefs of "fast learning" (P=0.001) and personality traits of "neuroticism" (P=0.001), "agreeableness" (P=0.022) was present in students in terms of calendar age. Students in age groups (18-29) learn faster more grades; and in neuroticism and "agreeableness", they got lower scores than the age groups (36-47) years. Younger students (18-29) believed in fast learning more than older ones (47-36), and had lower "neuroticism” and agreement.

Female students had a more "agreeableness" personality trait than male students. Also, the younger the students, the more they not only believe in "fast learning" (epistemological beliefs), but also have a lower "neuroticism" personality trait; However, their degree of "agreeableness" is lower than that of students in higher age groups. Therefore, it is suggested that public health professionals, in examining studentschr('39') self-knowledge, epistemological beliefs, and personality traits, also pay attention to their gender and age factors.

Today, environmental health is very important and education is the most sustainable way to raise awareness. The aim of this study was to develop and psychometrics of the "Environmental Education Scale" in high school students. 

The present study is a methodology and is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. In the qualitative section, the review of relevant scientific texts and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 experts of the Educational Research and Planning Organization. In the quantitative part, the content validity ratio of the developed was measured by Lawshe table and content validity index, based on Waltz & Bausell method and face validity by asking 10 experts. The construct validity was measured by exploratory factor analysis. Reliability was calculated by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient with 240 people and stability by retest method with 20 participants and 2 weeks interval. Data in the qualitative part were analyzed by content analysis method in Atlas.ti software and quantitative data in SPSS. 22. 

From the findings of the qualitative section, scale items were obtained. The content validity ratio was 0.80 and the content validity index was 0.90. The results of factor analysis showed 80 items in 5 dimensions of educational objectives, teaching methods, educational content, educational tools and facilities and evaluation methods. Reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient between the dimensions of 0.92 to 0.96 and the total instrument was 0.98, the reliability by the retest method was 2 weeks between 0.93 to 0.97. 

"The "Environmental Education Scale" was developed with confirmed validity and reliability. Therefore, its use is recommended to measure environmental education.

Satisfaction of basic needs will lead to self-control and the power of the ego, in which case, through the organization of the ego in controlling life, will affect the quality of marriage. The aim of this study was to explain the structural pattern between basic needs and quality of married life based on the mediating role of ego power. 

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this study included all married students of the University of Tehran in 2020. 384 people were selected by convenience sampling. Demographic questionnaire, "Dyadic Adjustment Scale", "Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale" and "Ego Strength Scale" were used to collect data. The validity of the instruments was measured using content validity by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Structural equation model and SPSS .24 and Amos. 24 were used to analyze the data.

The indirect path coefficient between basic psychological needs and marital quality  (P= 0.001, β= 0.243) was positive due to ego power and was significant at the level of 0.01.

The power of the ego positively mediates the relationship between the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relationship, and the dependence and quality of married life. It is suggested that in counseling and psychological services centers, trainings be provided to married people who refer to marital complaints on how to satisfy their basic psychological needs and ways to increase ego empowerment and quality of married life.

The border cities of the country have potential shortages and it seems that the existence of border markets will help to eliminate these shortages. The purpose of this study is to design and psychometrics "Scale of the Impact of Cross-Border Markets on the Lives of Indigenous Peoples".

The present study was conducted by qualitative-quantitative (methodological) method. The number of samples in the qualitative part of 20 people included university lecturers and experts in the field of cross-border markets and sociology. In the quantitative part, content validity by qualitative method and quantitative (content validity ratio), face validity (qualitative method) by 10 faculty members were measured. The construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) with a sample of 744 and 200 indigenous peoples in Kermanshah province, respectively; Kurdistan Province; Ilam province, West Azerbaijan province was studied by cluster sampling method.Reliability was calculated by internal consistency by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient and stability by test-retest at 2-week intervals with a sample of 30 indigenous of border markets. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. 24 and Amos .22.

In the qualitative part, psychometrics "Scale of the Impact of Cross-Border Markets on the Lives of Indigenous Peoples" with 106 items and 11 subscales was developed. In the quantitative part, the validity of qualitative content was confirmed. Content validity was confirmed by quantitative method (content validity ratio) 0.85. The face validity of the scale was also confirmed. Exploratory factor analysis was reviewed with 86 items and finally 46 items and 5 subscales were confirmed. Reliability was obtained by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of 0.87 total scale and 0.78-0.95 subscales and stability for the whole instrument 0.93 and 0.97-0.91 subscales.

The "Scale of the Impact of Border Markets on the Lives of Indigenous Peoples" is a valid and reliable instrument. It is suggested to be used to measure the impact of border markets on the lives of indigenous peoples.

Nursing is one of the occupations in which job stress is common. Job stress causes physical, psychological, social and family problems. Therefore, the present study aimed to Present a model of quality of work life based on job stress and optimism mediated by fatigue in married nurses of hospitals in Ahvaz.

The method of the present study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population consisted of all married nurses in Ahvaz hospitals in 2019. 202 people were selected as the sample by Convenience sampling method. Data collection with demographic questionnaire, "Quality of Work Life Questionnaire", "Nursing Stress Scale", "Life Orientation Test” and “Fatigue Scales” were performed. Content validity was performed by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. The collected data were used in SPSS.24 and Amos. 23.

All direct paths except the path of job stress became significant to the quality of work life. Indirect routes were also significant through quality of work life fatigue (P <0.01).

The proposed model has a good fit and is an important step in recognizing the factors affecting the quality of work life of nurses. It is recommended to take a positive step to increase the quality of nurseschr('39') working life by planning and implementing educational interventions in the field of job stress, optimism and fatigue.

In recent decades, professional sports have emerged as a lucrative industry and provide a variety of business opportunities. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between brand orientation, internal branding mechanisms and in-house communication with brand-building behaviors of employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth in 2019. 

The present study is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population consisted of all employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth (890 people). The statistical sample was selected based on Cochranchr('39')s formula of 268 people using the available sampling method. In this study, the demographic questionnaire, "Branding Questionnaire", the "Inter-Functional Communication Questionnaire", the "Employee Branding Behavior Questionnaire" and the "Branding Mechanism Questionnaire" was used. The validity of measuring instruments was confirmed using the methods, face validity of the items effect method, content validity index, content validity ratio, construct validity of confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity. To measure the reliability, the methods of combined reliability and internal consistency were calculated by calculating the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient, respectively. 
Data analysis was performed in SPSS. 24 and Smart Plus. 3.2. 

The structural equations model showed that brand orientation with internal branding mechanisms and inter-functional communication in sports organizations at the level of 0.01 is significant. Also, internal branding mechanisms have a significant positive correlation with employee branding behaviors in sports organizations at the level of 0.01. Intra-functional communication has a significant positive correlation with branding behaviors of employees in sports organizations at the level of 0.01.

The branding model and internal branding behaviors among the countrychr('39')s sports staff has a good fit. It is suggested that the managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth implement training and in-service programs as internal branding mechanisms in this organization.

Family conversations are one of the most powerful ways of boosting familychr('39')s cohesion and skills in the face of challenges. The aim of this study was explanation the conversations of resilient families in the face of life challenges. 

The present study is qualitative and phenomenological. The samples were selected by sampling method including 15 families from clients to counseling centers in Isfahan and through the introduction of counselors in these centers. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and open-ended questions. Lawshe method was used for validity. To calculate the reliability of the interviews, the method of intra-subject agreement of two coders (evaluators) was used. Data analysis was performed by Colaizzi method. 

: Data analysis led to the extraction of 34 primary codes, 11 subcategories, and 4 main categories. The extracted main categories were identified as supportive conversations, facilitative conversations, optimistic conversations, and solution-oriented conversations.

When problems arise, resilient families use supportive, facilitative, optimistic, and solution-oriented conversations. It is suggested that families and parents be taught these four types of conversations to face challenges more effectively.

Life is possible for human beings through interaction and communication, and the main source of communication for human beings are parents. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy" and "Existential Group Therapy" on mother-child relationships of mothers of exceptional children.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test design with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of the study included all mothers with exceptional children in Qarchak city in Tehran province who had a primary school child aged 6 to 12 years, which according to statistics was 150 people. Data collection instruments were demographic questionnaire and "Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation". Content validity was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. The pre-test was performed on 150 "mother-child relationship evaluation". Among 58 mothers who had communication problems (meaning a score less than 140 out of 240), 36 were randomly selected and in 3 groups, 12 were randomly selected. Communication problem meant a score less than 140 out of 240 of the total score of the questionnaire. The intervention groups were treated in 8 sessions of 90 minutes by ""Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy"" " and "Existential Group Therapy". All three groups completed the "mother-child relationship assessment" as a pretest, posttest, and one-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 24.

There is a difference between mother-child relationship in "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy”  and "Existential Group Therapy” and control. The results of pairwise comparison showed that the difference in scores between "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy” on mother-child relationship and the control group was significant. In addition, this difference in the score of "Existential Group Therapy” and the control group was also significant (P ≥ 0.01). But there was no significant difference between the scores in "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy” and "Existential Group Therapy". Intra-group comparison also showed the stability of the results over time.

"Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy" and "Existential Group Therapy" can improve mother-child relationships in mothers of exceptional children. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use this method to improve mother-child relationships.