فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی زنان
پیاپی 90 (زمستان 1399)

This study aims to investigate and compare the trend of reduced fertility in Asian countries based on event history analysis during 1970-2019. The method of this study is secondary analysis. Data were analyzed using STATA software. The findings show that between 1974-1970, there were 47 countries at risk, down from 20 in 2015-2019. As of 2019, 58% of Asian countries have Reproduction below replacement level. 50% of Central Asia has achieved Reproduction below replacement level. And although some countries in West Asia with a gap of 20 years, from 1990 onwards Reproduction below replacement level have experienced, the pace of fertility decline in the area above Central Asia. In the Southeast Asian region, between 1974 and 1970, only one country experienced the event, and by 2019-2015, 46 percent of the region's countries had achieved Reproduction below replacement level. South Asian countries have long been a successor to fertility under the 2015-2010 period, and by 2019-2015, 50 percent of the region's countries have experienced the event. As of 2019-2015, 50 percent of the countries in the region have experienced the event. The results of the proportional hazards model showed that the variables of life expectancy at birth, contraceptive methods, inflation, and the crude mortality rate have a significant effect on countries' achievement of fertility below the replacement le Reproduction below replacement level. Different parts of Asia have gone through different trends and paths in terms of fertility convergence.

Iran has been among the countries with below replacement fertility levels since the 2000s. Fertility behaviors are determined by a broad variety of micro and macro factors. Thus, this study aims to examine the individual and provincial -level determinants of fertility in Iran using a multilevel approach. The 2016 micro-census data from Iran were analyzed for 7000 married women 15-49 years old using HLM software. Fertility behavior was measured as the number of children ever born (CEB). The results indicated that various individual-level variables, namely, education, employment, and rural-urban residence place were significantly associated with CEB. Provincial-level factors such as contraceptive use, internet coverage, and development level index were significantly correlated with fertility. The influence of individual-level factors (especially education) on fertility behavior appears stronger than that of provincial-level factors. We discuss the implications of our findings for the understanding of dynamics of fertility and new pronatalist policy in Iran.

The main issue of the present study is the pathology of communication between these organizations in the field of preserving and promoting the culture of modesty and chastity. The present study was performed using descriptive and analytical methods of qualitative type. The statistical population of the study includes people involved in the 427th resolution of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, which includes the police, members of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution and staff and members related to the issue in the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, which is 158 people. Be. The sample size was considered to be the target of 30 people with theoretical saturation. The field data collection method and its tools were semi-structured interviews. For the analysis of the interview, the method of Groundvand analysis theory was used with the help of Max Kyoda software. The results of the analysis of the interviews showed that the inter-organizational interactions in the field of hijab and chastity are influenced by several factors. Selection of responsible managers and interference of managers 'personal interests, perception of employees' views on hijab and chastity, conflicting and different views of responsible and confused organizations and ambiguity in understanding the correctness of Resolution 427 and not consulting the supervisory body responsible for evaluating activities Each of the responsible organizations is one of the most important harms related to inter-organizational communication in this field.

Entrepreneurship is a process that is located in a changing network of Community Relations, and these Social Relations can limit or facilitate the entrepreneur's relationship with resources and opportunities. Thus, the study, recognition and analysis of entrepreneurial spirit from the sociological approach are of double importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial spirit and cultural values with regard to the mediating role of stereotyped beliefs. The statistical population includes all women entrepreneurs (including women active in technology cores) in the Khuzestan, which according to statistics provided by the affairs of the governorate women are 264 people. Entrepreneurial spirit was theorized according to Parsons' view of the need for success and cultural values as well as stereotyped beliefs as mediating variables based on gender socialization theory and gender schema theory. The sample value was n = 140 according to the sampling error of 0.05 and the confidence level of 0.95 with chi-square statistic for one degree of freedom.Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18 and Amos software The findings show that cultural values influence the four dimensions of power distribution, degree of acceptance of ambiguity, masculinity and individualism on entrepreneurial spirit with regard to variable mediator of stereotyped beliefs. Therefore, in order to strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit, in addition to identifying the entrepreneurial ecological capacities in Khuzestan province, it is necessary to pay attention to the culture of ideation and idea generation, as well as to create structural change, especially in the field of stereotypes.

Today, women work as hard as men to meet social needs in the business world, but the implicitly masculine work environment of companies has made it very difficult to achieve social goals. In this regard, moving towards social entrepreneurship can be the best tool for equal competition. The main purpose of the present study is to conceptualize the successful entry of entrepreneurial women into the field of social entrepreneurship. The approach of this research is qualitative and is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this study consists of experts, managers and experts in the fields related to social entrepreneurship, especially women entrepreneurship with 5 years of useful work experience, which has been achieved by possible snowball method and through interviews with 14 theoretical saturation. Data analysis method according to the research strategy is thematic analysis, as a result of which 56 initial indices, 37 selection codes, 7 sub-themes and 3 main themes were tagged. The results show that the successful entry of women entrepreneurs into the field of social entrepreneurship should pay attention to the factors of "multiple empowerment" and "dynamic capacity building" because these measures create "social value" through "protectors", "social norms" and "Social Synergy".

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between husbands' lovemaking style and marital adjustment in working women in Kerman. A total of 2147 employed and married women were consisted. 327 cases were elected by classified random sampling. Data was collecting by using standard questionnaire making love (Lass, 1998) and marital adjustment (Graham, Espaniear, 1976). SPSS software and statistical tests (Pearson and multiple regression analysis) was used. Results showed that relationship between lovemaking with marital adjustment among women employed in governmental departments was significant. The results showed that lovemaking could account for 65% of the variance in the marital adjustment. The relationship between demographic variables (Number of children and education of spouse) with marital adjustment and lovemaking was significant. This study has been approved findings of previous research about the relationship between social support and marital compatibility with lovemaking. In general, the romantic, friendly, realistic and self-sacrificing style of love determines the marital compatibility of working women in Kerman.

The feelings of role taking are considered important elements in leading married couples towards ethical and normal behaviors. The present research aims at studying this group of feelings including rethinking and empathy being effected in martial relationships by husband's and wife's inclination towards satellite TV programs and virtual social networks. The theoretical framework and model of the research are developed based on integration of Thompson's and Schutte's theories. The survey method was used for the research and the statistical population included 20-55-year-old married women from Boroujerd city, Iran. Sampling was done by disproportionate stratified sampling and the sample volume was calculated as 400 based on Cochran. The research results show that inclination towards media generally has a positive effect on role taking by married women. But by studying the dimensions of the variables, it became clear that inclination towards satellite TV programs has a negative effect on the feeling of rethinking. Also, the results of multivariate regression show that the different dimensions of virtual social networks and different dimensions of inclinations towards satellite TV programs express 39% and 35% of the total amount of variance of the dependent variable (feelings of role taking), respectively.