نشریه آمایش سیاسی فضا
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 7، تابستان 1399)

In the space of smart cities, many previous patterns of citizens' lives have undergone fundamental changes. The purpose of this study is to explain the patterns of policy in national and local dimensions (city) in these cities and provide the best policy model in all dimensions for smart cities. In order to answer the question, what is the appropriate policy model for smart cities in national and local dimensions ? Using descriptive-analytical method, this research has identified policy models in smart cities based on cyberspace policy models in national (country governance) and local (city) dimensions. In the national dimension, three models (free, participatory and control) and in the local dimension, one model (web-based) have been identified and the advantages and disadvantages of each have been mentioned. Also, considering that the smart city is based on the geographical space of current cities, a combined model in the national and urban dimension can be the best model for policy-making in and around these cities. The hybrid policy model describes the sum of the structural linkage processes between the physical space of the city and the intelligent space resulting from the use of new technologies, especially cyberspace. In this sense, the links and relations that are established between these two spaces at the national and local levels require political actors to adopt a mixed policy model

Political systems play a decisive role in the spatial growth and development of cities. The political role of governments in various ways can be effective in this important matter and over the past decades has played a role in both policy and allocation of scarce resources, including urban land. Kerman from 1307 to 1357 has an area of 8 km2 and a population of 140761 people, which from 1357 to 1395 has expanded to 140 km2 and has reached a population of 537718 people. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of politics on the spatial development of Kerman after the Islamic Revolution. The research methodology was descriptive-analytical. Data collection is based on library, documentary, and field methods, and GIS and SPSS software and spatial development analysis models were used to analyze the data. The results of the Shannon entropy model showed that the Kerman city in recent years has been a spatial expansion. This subject was happened in Kerman in recent years, especially in 1390, when the estimated entropy value is equal to 1.46. Furthermore, considering that the maximum Ln (4) = 1/38, it indicates the spatial development of this city in a spiral. Moreover, library data and the results of the T-test showed that political decisions after the Islamic Revolution of 1957 in the country, have affected the physical-spatial development of Kerman.

Prelude:

 Due to the special characteristics and conditions of Security of the border, deployment of security in such areas is important.any form of insecurity in a border zone can seriously threaten different aspects of security in the country. Deployment of security along the border and in the border zone requires in the first place, investigation, and identification of natural and human-made features within the border zone. identification of natural and geographic features of a border zone is of paramount importance owing to the crucial role played by such bio-foundations in the social life and development of the border zone. They further contribute largely to borderline monitoring, management, and control systems.

Goal: 

The present research seeks to investigate the states of natural features, including the border stream, topography, and vegetation, in the Iran-Afghanistan border zone in Khorasan Razavi and further evaluates their impact on borderline and border zone security. materials and ways: the required data was extracted from the OLI sensor on the Landsat Satellite(2018), with the data then analyzed using GIS and remote sensing techniques in the ENVI  5.3 .

The findings showed that water scarcity and insufficient depth of Harirood River in most parts of the year set the scene for illegal trafficking of goods and drugs across the border, negatively impacting the border zone security. This further holds true for the seasonal lake of Namakar in the border zone between the two countries. Considering the topography, existing maps indicate that the presence of highlands in the vicinity of the Iran-Afghanistan borderline and extension of particular highlands into the mainland of Afghanistan have negatively influenced the border security.

Historical geography is the study of the role of geographical factors and phenomena, especially natural geography in the formation of historical events. For example, a careful study on the location of some cities shows that the selection of their location was not accidental and was done through a precise process. Tlemcen, a city in North Africa, known as the capital of the Middle West in the Middle Ages, is an example of a strategic city. This city, which for more than three centuries was the capital of a state of Ben-Abd al-Wad, (a state surrounded on all sides by hostile states) It holds the record for most and longest military and economic sieges in North Africa, but in the vast majority of these attacks and sieges, it has shown high resilience. It seems that the unique geographical location and natural defense barriers along with being located at important trade crossroads that have increased public wealth and social welfare, in addition to abundant water resources and fertile plains and agricultural lands that provide food. This set of factors led to the continuation of the government of Banu Abdul Wad.

The 21th century has been confronted with wonderful changes in the dimensions of technology, social, economic, and political, perhaps no organization and settlement be safe from their changes and events. In recent decades, strategic management is one of the important organizational and institutional issues that has attracted researchers and experts. In addition, this strategic management has expressed among many new theories and approaches in developed countries and, consequently in all over the world including Iran, which in turn created a lot of new theoretical and practical challenges. This research has been tried by using a descriptive method, discourse analysis, and critique of the framework, that propose strategic management as new management in the service description of spatial planning. Therefore, in the first step, examined the constituent parts of the management spatial planning in the description of the services and then described planning and strategic management and strategic management process as the integrated and practical and at the end, presented suggestions for achieving strategic management in the description of the services of spatial planning with the achieve of integrated management, in the service description of the spatial planning, we will see the operational of the spatial planning oriented programs in the territory of Iran.

Today, the population of cities along with their socio-economic issues has created a new form of city and urbanization. Tehran province has seen the most changes in the city and urbanization due to the establishment of the capital, the metropolis of Tehran. The question is what are the consequences of urban demographic changes in Tehran province? Therefore, this study tries to investigate the consequences of demographic changes in Tehran province on its urban network during the years 1355-1395. The research method is descriptive and analytical and its type is inferential. The data were extracted by library method and analyzed using regional planning models such as city rank-size and prime city index, entropy and prime city coefficient, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. The results show that the increase in urban population in Tehran province is due to the dispersal of the metropolis of Tehran and the concentration of urban population in the western part of the province is higher than other aspects of communication. Although medium-sized cities have partially repaired the spatial rupture in the province's urban network, according to the rank-size model, the distance between the metropolis of Tehran and other cities in the province is still very large and there is no balance in the province's urban network. Meanwhile, the urban population is not uniformly but in a cluster around the metropolis of Tehran and in the next order of medium-sized cities.