نشریه دولت پژوهی ایران معاصر
سال ششم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

As a dynamic and determinable phenomenon, identity always changes by social, cultural and civilizational encounters. One of the most influencing social incident in this regard is war, which is able to transform and diversify identity at various levels. The imposed war and its identity effects can be referred to as the promoter of the religious constituents and strengthening the national elements of Iranian identity, especially the youth. However, The Iranian human identity, especially regarding the youth, is in danger of disturbance and dispersion with regard to sources of identity in the current situation of the serious clashes between the Islamic Iranian civilization and that of the modern West. In response, the agents of the Iranian government, especially the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, are trying to introduce a proper model and identity for the young generation by relying on the identity sources of the Holy Defense. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to make use of the basic theory to identify the constituents of youth identity from the Supreme Leader’s point of view on the basis of the experience of the Holy Defense, and introduce his favorable identity model through analytical method by reviewing the lectures and written messages of His Holiness. The findings revealed that the constituents of spiritualism, task-orientation, martyrdom, fighting aliens, awareness of the situation, and devotion to Velayat, can be derived from the statements of the leader on the subject of war. The aforementioned components can be categorized as the establishers, requirements, and goals of identity of the Iranian youth. According to this, Iranian youth is supposed to be aware of the situation, his responsibilities, and the enemy with revolutionary spirit.

These days, the issue and concept of security comprise a significant, complex, and novel perception in the world, in political, social, and economic regards. The purpose of this study is to investigate the place of security and defense issues in the three decades of the leadership of the Supreme Leader. Hence, this research is intended to answer the question relating the role of the leader in progressing and solving security and defense challenges facing the Islamic Republic in these decades. What measures the Commander-in-Chief has taken for the progress of the Armed Forces? This is a descriptive-analytical research whose data is collected by library and documentary methods including books, specialized articles and the internet sources. The results of the research signified that during his blessed leadership, the Supreme Leader has managed war and peace eras quite wisely with dignity and expediency, and has repeatedly saved the Islamic Republic from the danger of wars that threatened the country. He has paid quite a lot of attention to strengthening the military and security forces and has directed and managed them in the best way with his managing power. In the most dangerous situations that Iran has faced, he has been able to lead the country tactfully and attentively, and has restored security to the country.

This research is intended to investigate the legal and international dimensions of the responsibilities of regional and ultra-regional governments in the outbreak of Iran-Iraq war. It is aimed at investigating the international and legal aspects of these countries during the Iran-Iraq war on the basis of precise texture of international laws. The findings of this descriptive-analytical study relying on library and documentary sources for data collection indicated that fighting against the rights of human beings, violating human rights by the regional and ultra-regional countries in the Iran-Iraq war under various political and non-political causes were evident. The outbreak of an imposed war at international level of analysis, which violates human rights, is considered war crimes. As a result, the criminal liability and international responsibility of the governments involved in this war cannot be forgiven according to international law. This anti-humane behavior is against international laws and documents.

The economic situation and growth and development of Iran during the ups and downs of the Pahlavi regime have raised a question occupying the minds of scholars of the Islamic Revolution. Despite the various issues being proposed in this regard, few significant documentary researches have been carried out. Using content analysis method for the analysis of the documents published by family members and agents of the Pahlavi regime, and official and oral documents and memoirs including Harvard’s oral history including interviews with Pahlavi agents, Assadollah Alam's memoirs, Cambridge history, while reviewing the economic and living state, the research made an attempt to analyze political and social issues such as the factors of poverty and deprivation and increase of the class gap, for achieving the following main themes in creating the conditions for the decline of Iran's economy and the quality of society: 1. The structural land reform aimed at reducing the role of the feudal lords did not help the peasantry, and in practice deprivation continued in new forms. 2. Deficiency in the distribution of various material resources due to lack of mediating institutions between the government and the state. 3. Violating the constitution and the civil law related to the implementation of social justice due to the authoritarian structure of the government.

This study aims at analyzing and identifying the role of mosques during the victory of the Islamic Revolution based on the theoretical framework of Charles Tilly’s theory of mobilization through a descriptive-analytical method. This research hypothesizes that the mosques, as organizations, played the most important role in the political mobilization of the people during the revolutionary attempts and the eight-year resistance of Iranians in defending their country in the war against the tyrants and aggressors. The findings of this study signified that the mosques all over the country always managed the organization of forces in terms of supply and human resources during the revolutionary attempts and the eight-year imposed war. The mosques also played great role in strengthening and protecting Jihadi values ​​as well as a base for ordering goodness and forbidding the evil, and a strong center for interaction with the Islamic government. These are all evidences of the great role of the mosques in the victory and preservation of the Islamic Revolution.  All n all, in all Islamic movements and specially in those of contemporary era, including the people's struggle against the Pahlavi regime and the era of Holy Defense, mosques played a greater role compared to local civil institution and organizations such as social communities and parties, political and labor unions, etc. by providing various functions, the mobilization of people for the victory, and preservation of the Islamic Revolution.

This descriptive explanatory study is aimed at identifying the factors and principles affecting the development of justice in the thought of Imam Khomeini (RA) on the basis of which the secret of his practical dynamic movement can be presented. As a leader, according to his religious teachings, Imam Khomeini considered factors such as Cultural Revolution against oppression, founding culture on the basis of monotheism and pure Muhammadan Islam, and aggressive dealing with alien culture, as the causes of cultural justice. According to Imam Khomeini, precedence of one’s purification on those of others, self-confidence and self-reliance in facing the culture of the oppressors, and the revival of the culture of directing to the good and forbidding the evil, are developing factors of cultural justice. Addressing the first leadership experts of the constitution, he said: “the constitution and other laws in this republic should be 100% Islamic to serve as a model for liberation movements. The foundations of these factors, like other features of his practical processes, are entirely derived from the divine revelation and the words of the infallibles.