مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری
سال نوزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 63، بهار 1400)

Aim and Background:

Research has shown that resilience and self-control are associated with marital boredom; In this regard, various therapeutic approaches have been used by researchers; therefore, this study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused and schema therapy approaches on ambiguity resilience, and self-control of women with marital burnout.

Methods and Materials:

The research method was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of implementation method with pretest-posttest design of two experimental groups and a control group with follow-up test. From the community of women suffering from marital burnout in district three of tehran, 45 people were selected by the convenient sampling method and were replaced in three groups using the random method. Ambiguity resilience questionnaire (Freison et al., 1994) and self-control questionnaire (Gramisk et al., 1993) were used. Research data were analyzed by ANOVA using repeated measures and bonferroni's post hoc test.

Findings showed that both emotion-focused and schema therapy approaches have a significant and lasting effect on increasing the resilience of ambiguity and self-control of women with marital burnout (p=0.001). Also, the result of comparing the two approaches showed that the effect of schema therapy approach on self-control of women with marital burnout is more than the emotion-focused approach (p=0.001). But the difference between the two approaches on the resilience of ambiguity was not significant.

According to the obtained results, it seems that the use of both schema therapy and emotion-focused approaches to improve self-control and resilience of ambiguity in women with marital burnout is effective and it is recommended to be used as therapeutic approaches.

Aim and Background:

Research has shown that resolving interpersonal conflicts is as important as social relationships, especially between couples; therefore, the present study aimed to predict the pattern of conflict resolution styles based on differentiation, cognitive flexibility with mediating the role of compassion in young men and women with conflict.

Methods and Materials:

This study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included men and women with marital conflict in kashan. The sample of this study consisted of 393 couples with marital conflict who were selected by convenience sampling and included in the research questionnaires including the conflict resolution skills (Strauss et al. 1990), self-compassion (Nef, 2003), cognitive flexibility questionnaire (Dennis and Vander Wal, & Jillon, 2010) and differentiation of self-inventory (skowron and Schmitt, 2003). The research data were analyzed by path analysis and structural equations by AMOS statistical software.

The results showed that the proposed model has a good fit and self-compassion can play a mediating role between flexibility and negotiation conflict resolution style and psychological aggression as well as between self-differentiation and negotiation conflict resolution styles and physical aggression (P ≤ 0.001).

Given the effects of marital conflict on couples, families and society, identifying the variables involved in this important can provide a basis for planning to prevent and treat destructive styles of marital conflict resolution and it seems that self-differentiation and self-compassion is one of the effective variables in improving the conflict resolution techniques used in men and women with marital conflict.

Aim and Background:

Improving the quality of life and controlling blood glucose in patients with diabetes is one of the most important goals of interventions and health promotion programs in these patients. The purpose of this study was to develop a health model in type 2 diabetic patients based on psychological toughness, health literacy, self-efficacy and beliefs. Health is mediated by self-management behaviors and social support.

Methods and Materials:

The research method is analytical and structural equations. The statistical population of this study includes all patients with type 2 diabetes referred to diabetes clinics in abadan in 1398. Random sampling method was used to select the sample. 254 patients with diabetes were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Research instruments psychological toughness questionnaire (Kobasa, 1984), health literacy questionnaire (Montazeri, 2014), tobert and glasgow self-management behaviors questionnaire (1994) and quality of life questionnaire (Bruges, 2004) and wax social support questionnaire, 1986), health beliefs questionnaire (Kartal, 2006) and the self-efficacy questionnaire (Stanford, 2001).

Findings showed that health beliefs have a direct and significant effect on the health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes (P≤0.001) and self-efficacy has direct and indirect effects on health outcomes (mediated by self-management behaviors) (P≤0.001). Health literacy had no direct and significant effect on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes (p≥0.001). Psychological hardiness has direct and indirect effects on health outcomes (mediated by self-management behaviors) (P≤0.001) and the effect of social support on health outcomes was not significant (P≥0.001).

Considering the role of health beliefs and self-efficacy and persistence on health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, it is recommended to use these variables in quality of life and self-care programs of this group of these patients.

Aim and Background:

Social developments in the past few decades globally, the family system has faced many changes, challenges and issues and by degrading the biological, social, cognitive and emotional functions of the family and gradually reducing the satisfaction of family members, causing psychosocial disruption and increasing cases such as tendency Divorced. The aim of this study was to Structural Equivalence Modeling of Divorce Tendency with Emphasis on Communication Skills, Conflict Resolution, and Marital Problems.

Methods and Materials:

The statistical population of the study included all couples in Kashan, 383 of whom were studied using cluster sampling method and data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The instruments used were Qaderzadeh et al.'s Divorce Tendency Scales (2012), Rahim Conflict Resolution Scale (1983) and Communication Skills and Problem Solving Scale by Yarmohammadi Vasel et al. (2010).

Findings showed that communication skills, problem solving and conflict resolution and marital conflicts have a significant and inverse relationship with the tendency to divorce (P <0.05). Also, communication skills were related to the tendency to divorce through problem solving skills and conflict resolution skills and marital conflicts (P <0.05. (P analysis of the relationship between indicators showed that problem solving skills have the most direct impact). (-0.34) and general (-0.40) on the tendency to divorce and the most indirect effect on the tendency to divorce has belonged to communication skills (-0.09).

Interactions between couples and the reduction of issues that ultimately lead to conflict between husband and wife reduce the desire for divorce.

Aim and Background:

Increasing the age of marriage of young people, biological celibacy and the problems of late marriage, especially for girls, is an issue that must be addressed seriously. In particular, it creates a variety of psychological and social problems for single people. The aim of this study was to develop a gender justice training package based on religious teachings and its effectiveness on psychological capital and the gender role schema of girls with delayed marriage.

Methods and Materials:

The design consisted of two parts, qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, the inference was analytical and in the quantitative part, it was experimental and pre-test-post-test with the control group. The statistical population included single girls (45-30 years old) referring to mental health centers in Tehran. Thirty people were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (experimental and control groups). The members of the experimental group underwent a researcher-made training package on gender justice based on group religious teachings for 8 sessions. The control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools included the psychological capital questionnaire of Vetanz et al., Bam gender schemas. Research data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that gender justice education based on group religious teachings was effective in increasing psychological capital and improving the gender role schemas of girls with delayed marriage (p<.001).

It seems that the need to apply gender justice based on religious teachings in order to improve the psychological capital and gender role schemas of girls with delayed marriage.

Aim and Background:

So far, several therapeutic approaches, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have been used for patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and researchers are trying to determine the effectiveness of each of these approaches. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of drug therapy, neural feedback and integrated psychological interventions (parent education, play therapy and cognitive education) on behavioral problems of ADHD.

Methods and Materials:

The research method was quasi-experimental and the pre-test-post-test-follow-up and control group design. The statistical population included all children aged 9 to 12 years in Hamedan. Sampling method was Purposive. The psychotherapy group received medication daily for 12 weeks. The neural feedback group received 24 sessions of 45 minutes twice a week. The group of integrated psychological interventions received training for 24 sessions. Participants were assessed using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Fourth Edition Scale to assess the clinical signs of ADHD, the College Neuropsychological Test to measure executive function, and the Rutter form Behavioral Problems Self-Report Scale. Multivariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that combined psychological interventions were more effective in the behavioral problems variable and all its components compared to drug therapy and neurological feedback, which was also significant in the quarterly follow-up (p≤0.001).

It seems that integrated psychological interventions can be an effective and lasting treatment for behavioral problems in children with ADHD and can replace other therapeutic approaches such as medication and neurological feedback.

Aim and Background:

Research has shown that management has an effect on the production of commercial advertising content on the Islamic Republic of Iran TV based on family values. In this regard, content management can affect the values and health of society. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of family values in content production in the direction of social health.

Methods and Materials:

In this study, a combined qualitative and quantitative method was used. The statistical population of this research is composed of top experts and professors in the field of media and advertising, of which 14 were identified. In the qualitative stage, after collecting the subject literature and upstream documents (instructions) of related organizations, the necessary evaluations were performed by content analysis method. The research tools included interviews with experts and researcher-made questionnaires of value indicators in media commercials. For reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha factor was used and each component obtained values ​​above 0.7 (acceptable score). For data analysis, two inferential (chi-square) and descriptive statistical methods were used using SPSS software version 25.  

Based on this study, 263 indicators were identified and after reviewing and removing duplicate indicators, 146 indicators were extracted and classified into 8 dimensions, 21 components and 146 table indicators. Then, with the help of Delphi Working Group in 2 stages, the indicators were screened and additional indicators were removed and finally 78 final indicators were extracted. For reliability of both questionnaires, Cronbach's alpha factor was used and each component obtained values ​​above 0.7 (acceptable score).

Television advertising - commercials - seems to be recognized as the most effective means of advertising and can play an important role in the values of society.

Aim and Background:

Intimacy and marital compatibility between couples maintain and strengthen the family foundation. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a methodology based on cognitive bias correction and to determine the effectiveness of its training on bias, intimacy and adaptation of couples with marital incompatibility.

Methods and Materials:

The research method was quasi-experimental and the design of the pretest, posttest research was with the control group. The statistical population of the study was couples with marital problems who referred to counseling centers in Arak in 1398. The sample consisted of 16 couples (32 people) with marital incompatibility and cognitive bias who were selected by available methods. Data were collected using the Lock-Wallace (1959) Compatibility Questionnaire, Walker-Thompson (1983) Marital Intimacy Questionnaire, and the Point-of-Exploration Assignment Software (2015). Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data and examine the relationships between variables.  

The results showed that the treatment method based on the correction of cognitive bias has an acceptable content validity. Also, the results of the educational intervention showed that the training of the method significantly reduces the cognitive bias of the couple and increases the intimacy and adaptation of the couple (P≤0.001).

It seems that training in the treatment method based on cognitive bias correction can be considered as a valid and effective program to reduce cognitive bias and increase intimacy and compatibility of incompatible couples.

Aim and Background:

In describing objective reality, what harms the relationship are repetitive practical patterns in behavior. In fact, damage to a relationship is caused by the behavior that comes to us, not the thought or feeling that flows within us; therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of group couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment using schema conceptualization on improving the performance indicators of conflicting couples in Zahedan.

Materials and Methods

The research method was quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the study included all couples referring to counseling centers in Zahedan during December and December 2009. By selecting clusters of three centers and using purposive sampling available, 18 couples were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The intervention consisted of 10 2-hour sessions per week and the practical experience during treatment led to the formation of new conceptual models in the process of injury and treatment. Data were collected using a marriage performance questionnaire that was obtained from both control and experimental groups before and after the intervention. The research hypotheses were tested by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and SPSS software version 20.

The results showed that the developed group therapy protocol based on acceptance and commitment using schema conceptualization was significantly effective in improving the performance of couples in all subscales studied (P≤0.001).

It seems that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment using schematic conceptualization has an effect on couple performance. However, in order to increase the external credibility of the research, it is suggested that more research be done.

Aim and Background:

Considering the increasing trend of aging in Iran and the importance of appropriate quality of life in elderlies, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction and quality of life in the elderly in Isfahan.

Methods and Materials:

This study is a cross-sectional study performed on 214 elderly in 2020. In this study, the data were analyzed based on the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Questionnaire (Desi and Ryan 2000), which includes three dimensions: the need for competence, the need for autonomy, and the need for communication. The SF12 quality of life questionnaire was also used in two dimensions of physical health and mental health. Data were collected in spss24 and analyzed by T_TEST, ANOVA and linear regression tests.

The results of the current study showed that, the need for competence have an ability to predict the changes in quality of life in the physical dimension (β = 0.183, p = 0.020), the psychological dimension (β = 0.366, p = 0.001) and predict and changes in the total quality of life (β = 0.319, p = 0.001). Communication and autonomy needs satisfaction did not independently play a predictive role in quality of life.

the basic psychological need satisfaction in the competence dimension predicts a better quality of life in both the physical and psychological dimensions of the elderly. Therefore, by giving responsibility and defining effective roles for the elderly in order to meet the need for competence, steps can be taken to increase their quality of life.

Aim and Background:

Psychological well-being consists of autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, and purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Numerous factors especially childhood trauma and psychological well-being. Besides this relationship does not seem direct and is influenced by other variables such as fear of happiness and alexithymia. The aim of this research was assessing the mediating role of fear of happiness and alexithymia in relation to trauma and psychological well-being.

Methods and Materials:

In a descriptive—correlation study, a sample of 262 students from Alborz and Science and Culture Universities were selected by convenience sampling. Participants answered the battery of questionnaires including psychological well-being, fear of happiness scale (FHS), Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS), childhood traumatic Questionnaire (CTQ). Data were analyses using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by LISREL 8.85 software. For evaluating the descriptive statistics SPSS 24 was used as well.

The analyses revealed that hypothetical model fit the measurement model (RMSEA= 0.55, CFI= 0.92, X2/df= 2.588). The results of the analysis showed that childhood trauma by mediating roles of alexithymia and fear of happiness were able to predict the psychological well- being, so that fear of happiness and alexithymia predicted psychological well-being positively and indirectly.

Based on the study, it can be concluded that fear of happiness and alexithymia are mediating the relation of childhood trauma and psychological well-being. Consisting this effect can be useful for improving individual well-being and also can be effective for intervention of childhood traumas.

Aim and Background:

Conflicts in the family create issues and problems at the individual, institutional and social levels. Marital conflicts and divorce after sudden death in the family are considered to be the most important stressors in the family. The purpose of this study is to predict marital conflicts based on life skills and attachment styles mediated by sexual satisfaction and love story of couples.

Methods and Materials:

The statistical population of this study included all couples who referred to counseling centers under the supervision of the Judiciary in Arak who had referred to these centers in a period of 6 months in 1398. The total statistical population was 600 couples (1200 people) and 146 couples (292 people) were selected as the statistical sample by available sampling method. Data collection tool: Hazan and Shiver Attachment Styles Scale Questionnaire (1993); Marital Conflict Scale Sanaei et al. (2000); Saatchi et al.'s Life Skills Scale (2010); The Larson Sexual Satisfaction Scale (1988) and the Sternberg Love Story Scale were standardized by (Alaei and Karami, 2007), all of which had validity and reliability. This study was a correlational study that was performed by structural equation modeling.

The results showed that both sexual satisfaction and love story can play a mediating role in predicting marital conflicts based on life skills and attachment styles.

Therefore, it can be concluded that sexual satisfaction can balance the relationship between attachment styles and marital conflict and reduce the rate of marital conflict. Also, the love story in the relationship between life skills and marital conflicts can reduce these conflicts.

Aim and Background:

Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with an increased risk of various types of psychological afflictions. Indication of these disorders is added to the erosive factors of chronic disease and has many negative effects on the level of adaptation and mental and social health of these people. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) on reducing alexithymia in rheumatoid patients.

Methods and Materials:

The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test design as well as control group. In order to select the sample, first of all, based on the criteria of the American Rheumatology Association and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 40 male and female patients were purposefully selected from specialized rheumatology clinics in Kerman. This selection was made by rheumatologists. The members of the sample group were randomly divided into two 20-memeber groups of experimental and control. For the experimental group, 15 one-and-a-half-hour sessions of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy were held. Data were collected through Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS). Research data were analyzed using Analysis of covariance.

The findings showed that intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy is effective in reducing the rate of alexithymia in rheumatoid patients (p <0.05).

Patients first performed better in recognizing emotions and then improved their ability to describe emotions and physical symptoms. Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy by affecting on anxiety discharge pathway and exact control and moment-by-moment monitoring of anxiety, feelings and defenses helps to reduce clinical symptoms in rheumatoid patients.

Aim and Background:

In terms of legal, divorce is the last stage of marriage, but in terms of psychology, it is the beginning of a new stage of marriage. Divorce is a phenomenon that can have significant negative consequences. One of the consequences of divorce is depression and anxiety caused by divorce, which is more common among women. The Instruction of Mindfulness based Cognitive Therapy is one of the applications for increasing the adjustment and reducing negative emotions such as depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Mindfulness based Cognitive Therapy on Anxiety and Depression of Divorce Women in Neyshabur.

Methods and Materials:

The present study was a semi-experimental with pretest, posttest and follow-up with control group design. The sample consisted of 24 divorced women in the city of Neyshabur that were randomly selected assigned into two experimental (12 people) and control groups (12 people). The experimental group received the Cognitive Based Mindfulness Therapy in 8 sessions. The control group was on the waiting list. The control group was on the waiting list. The research questionnaires were Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory.

The analysis of ANCOVA showed that the mean scores of depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly different between two groups (p <0.01) after the pre-test adjustment. The experimental group after receiving the Cognitive Based Mindfulness Therapy shows lower depression and anxiety symptoms. The results of the follow-up stage also show that the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has been stable over time.

Regarding the findings, it can be said that Cognitive Based Mindfulness Therapy reduces negative emotions such as depression and anxiety in divorced women by performing activities such as outbreaks and mourning, and prepare them to continue their life.

Aim and Background:

Interacting parents with their children can affect many psychological factors such as children's emotional regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of parent-child interaction therapy on emotional regulation of fifth grade elementary girls with anxiety.

Methods and Materials:

The present study was a semi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of this study was all girls studying in the fifth grade of elementary school in the year 2017-2018 in Sirjan city. Thirty subjects were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to two groups of intervention (n=15) and control (n=15). Birmaher anxiety disorder questionnaire (1999) Shields and Sichati Excitement Scale (1997) were used. The parent-child-based treatment scheme used in this research was a conception derived from various studies in this field in 14 sessions of 60 minutes. Data were analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measures and dependent t at significance level of .05.

The results indicated a meaningful effect of a parent-child interaction-based treatment course on emotion regulation of female students (P<0.001).

In this regard, it can be said that, the main benefits of this type of therapy to improve the emotion regulation of children were as follows: the approach of parents to children through the game, the process of group work governing this program, and the support of parents to educate each other, encouraging the therapist to establish a strong relationship between parents and the child, reflecting their emotions and their excitement as well as offering feedback by doing homework at home.

Aim and Background:

Aging is associated with changes in physical, motor and mental functions and can affect people's lifestyles; therefore, the aim of this study was the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on stress and balance in older men.

Methods and Materials:

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population includes men aged 60 to 70 years who referred to rehabilitation and psychology centers in Shahrud in 2020. Purposeful sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, 24 qualified people were randomly identified and randomly assigned to 2 groups of 12 people. Finally, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, the number of subjects was reduced to 21 people, including the cognitive-behavioral therapy group based on mindfulness 11 people and the control group 10 people. Research instruments included Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Cohen et al. (1983) Perceived Stress. In this study, SPSS statistical software version 25 was used to analyze the data as well as One-way analysis of covariance.

The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy had a significant effect on balance and stress in older men (P≤0.001).

It seems that mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral interventions affect research variables. However, in order to increase the external validity of the research, it is suggested that more research be done.