فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 42 (زمستان 1399)

Today, by vanishing of vernacularism from Iranian houses, buildings can be seen that are far from the traditional and vernacular values of housing and thus, the vernacular values in housing have been ignord. On the other hand, housing and residential areas, as an important subject of architecture related to humans, must meet the various needs of human beings.Therefore, the present qualitative research, recognizing the sensitivity of the housing issue and the quality degradation of contemporary housing, considers the necessity of paying attention in this field based on the conceptual values considered in indigenous architecture. And the Grounded theory has been done with the aim of presenting vernacular indicators in housing using the Glaser approach. This applied research is a descriptive-analytical method using documentary and library studies. For this purpose, the critical points of the definitions of “experts familiar with the vernacular field” are purposefully selected and the data are analyzed simultaneously using MAXQDA10 software as a set of open, selective and theoretical codings and Enduring indicators in the vernacular housing architecture of Iran were introduced.The results and findings show in a comparative way there is a significant relationship between the adapted concepts of vernacular and traditional architecture and some traditional conceptual indicators, or in other words: a positive correlation .Accordingly, by matching traditional ideas with vernacular concepts and matching the two with traditional indicators , enduring vernacular indicators were achieved. Also, according to their definitions and functions, vernacular architectural concepts were classified into four main dimensions: contextual, Causal conceptual, Causal behavioral, and symbolic.

Spatial elements have a lot of varieties in the architecture of past houses. Every house can find meaning through closed and open spaces and the accompaniment of semi-open spaces next to them. One of the unique features of Islamic houses is the presence of semi-open space elements that in addition to meet the functional and behavioural needs; have a diversity in their typology. With the aim of typology of these spatial elements, this research uses a qualitative research method to find out what are the different types of semi-open spaces in Yazd houses and Damascus houses in terms of form and orientation. In addition, this research is based on field studies that authors were able to visit and perceive spaces in Yazd houses and Damascus houses. For this purpose, first, the historical background of semi-open elements and their functions have been studied. Then, by reviewing the position of semi-open elements in some Islamic cities, the two cities of Yazd and Damascus in Qajar and Ottoman historical periods were selected and the typology of semi-open spatial elements in houses were analysed and compared. Based on the preliminary study, houses of Yazd have four types of semi-open spaces, including the main porch(hall), shallow porch, porch and columned porch, and the houses of Damascus have three types of semi-open spaces, namely, the main porch, secondary porch and the columned porch. Comparison of these semi-open spatial elements in the houses of the two cities and analysis of the commonalities and differences between them; lead the researchers to a main semi-open space, namely, the main porch.

Philosophers’ confrontation with concepts such as “tradition” and “modernity” have always been discussed by groups with different views and each group has attempted to define these concepts based on their own understanding of the subject and index them tailored to their particular worldview. Discussions on the concepts of tradition and modernity, the functions of each, the extent and intensity of each and the effectiveness of each concept in the current contemporary conditions have made it difficult to define a comprehensive and accurate definition without specifying an exclusive approach towards the topic. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine, analyze and critique the views of one of the leading professors of traditionalism, Dr. Seyed Hossein Nasr- impressed by Rene Guenon on and Frithjof Schuon and specialized in Islamic mysticism and philosophy, comparative theology, and the history of science in Islamthe issue of the crisis of the opposition between tradition and modernity in the contemporary world. Thus, by analyzing the content of Dr. Nasr’s numerous publications, the concept of tradition and traditionalism, the pillars of traditional thought, traditional art, architecture and traditional urban planning from his point of view have been studied. In the next step, the above-mentioned cases will be examined in relation to the “modernist” thought. Finally, after a comprehensive critique of Dr. Nasr’s views on the traditional Islamic city and the new Islamic city, final analysis will provide a valuable summary of the application of the concepts of tradition and modernity in Dr. Nasr’s thought. This comparative analysis, which includes the dimensions of origin, temporal and spatial constraints, anthropology, art, artist, aesthetics, principles, architecture, architect, development, city, relationship with nature and environmental principles can guide traditionalist beliefs in solving the crisis of contemporary modernity.

One of the most crucial issues encountering researchers who are concerned with preserving and perpetuating cultural values in the present era in the field of Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning is the issue of overcoming formal and physical descriptions and gaining a deep understanding of the nature and essence of the buildings. Since every building is a form of embodiment of ideas and worldviews of its builders and is additionally a metaphor of their existence in the world, a correct understanding of the building can enable the reproduction of historical identity in the present era. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of the tomb of Shah Nematollah Vali based on these assumptions that the ontological implications of the elements can be explained as meaningful signs of the structure of their interrelationship. In the present study, the philosophical foundation of research is interpretivism; the research approach is qualitative, and the analysis method is phenomenological. In analyzing the experience of space and the relationship between the building and the city, the following three assumptions were examined: 1. The hierarchy of spatial relations from the urban space to the dome creates a sense of spirituality in individuals. 2. The presence of four Classic Elements in successive spaces affects users’ perception of space as a sacred one. 3. The presence of four Classic Elements as meaningful signs in the space increases the sense of place in pilgrims. To examine the above assumptions by analyzing the lived experience of people in the building, a questionnaire with 20 questions was prepared and distributed among 85 pilgrims and specialists. Data analysis shows that the manner and extent of the presence of four Classic Elements in consecutive scenes of the shrine of Shah Nematollah Vali, has a significant relationship with the perception of mystical meanings and spiritual journeys in the minds of the people and leads them to experience a different perceptual quality in each courtyard. And be more prepared to reach the shrine and pilgrimage at any moment.

The national regeneration program of urban fabrics has been promoted Since 2009 by advocacy measures including granting cheap construction credits and no permit fees in an annual encouraging package that with other neighborhood base promotion increased housing construction in determinate areas. However this question has been mentioned that whether this kind of regeneration will lead to more sustainable neighborhoods and communities, especially in term of social sustainability?The main goal was evaluation of direct result and long-run impacts of regeneration program on main aspects of social sustainability in two selected neighborhood of Tehran, Shamshiry and Shobiry-Ja. Following a relatively comprehensive discussion on literature review and theoretical issues, assessment framework of social sustainability fixed on 9 main aspects and more then hundred criteria which classified in 3 levels, based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Data of each criterion gathered by questionnaire (716 sample, 46 criteria), observation (14 criteria), interview and documents (37 criteria) and evaluated based on national urban standards and analytical thresholds which are prevalent in social impact assessment studies. Overall results show in a few aspects, regeneration program has made both neighborhoods more sustainable. However in many areas the program has leaded to unsustainable outcomes for communities. Foreseeable trends shows, if the current direction insist to continue without improvements, will jeopardize all achievements of program and will make the social structure of neighborhoods unsustainable.

In the Iranian-Islamic city, the neighborhood is the creator of the individuals’ identity and the sense of attachment and belonging in the residents. These neighborhoods, during the rapid expansion of urbanization and the dominance of engineering discourse in urban development, have changed the spatial structure and social organization and the weakening of psychological ties between people and neighborhoods, which has led to decline in social participation, social capital and weakening of neighborhood identity. Based on the survey of Tehran Municipality (2017), Ekhtiarieh neighborhood is one of the top 10 neighborhoods in Tehran, where a high level of attachment and belonging of residents to the neighborhood and the relative stability of living has been documented. The current article aims to distinguish the psychological nature of this bond by studying the lived experience of the residents of Ekhtiarieh and also to identify the effective components on the formation and reproduction of attachment to the neighborhood. Accordingly, via adopting a qualitative strategy and grounded theory as the research method and using purposeful and theoretical sampling technique, 24 residents of Ekhtiarieh were selected as research participants in the data collection process through a combination of in-depth interview tools, questionnaires, cognitive map, and documentary studies. Data analysis was performed simultaneously, nonlinearly, and with open, axial, and selective coding techniques. The research results revealed that attachment to the neighborhood is experienced as an extension of the sense of home on a neighborhood scale in emotional, cognitive-perceptual, and behavioral dimensions. The emotional dimension of attachment to the neighborhood is perceived with pride, the grief caused by leaving the neighborhood, psychological well-being, and sense of belonging and membership, and the cognitive-perceptual dimension of attachment are understood by the maturity of emotional bond, social self-formation, transformation in the semantic system of place, and sense of ownership in the neighborhood and the local community. Attachment is represented by the behavioral patterns of, adaptive proximity seeking, sociability, collective action, and seeking similarity. Also, attachment to the home, self-determination, place identity, visual-auditory pleasurableness, place value, connecting places and events, place responsiveness, and unchanging places are reinforcing factors of attachment to Ekhtiarieh.