نشریه حسابداری و بودجه ریزی بخش عمومی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار 1400)

Based on the theoretical concepts of public sector financial reporting presented by the State Accounting Standards Development Committee of the Auditing Organization, the public sector accounting system, a set of accounting concepts, hypotheses, standards, procedures and instructions to identify, measure, record, class Classification, summarizing and reporting of financial events of reporting units. Accrual accounting in the public sector in practice, in order to achieve the cost of services, requires the use of accrual accounting basis in accordance with the provisions of Note 26 of the Law regulating part of the government's financial regulations in users of the public budget. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of how to collect data qualitatively and data collection tools by designing and publishing a questionnaire among 95 experts in the field of accrual accounting in 1400 and using two The statistical tests of "binomial test" and "T test" have been analyzed. Findings indicate that the obstacles and limitations of the establishment of accrual accounting system include the limitations of the General Accounting Law and other upstream laws, challenges in applying public sector accounting standards, problems with fixed assets, problems with requirements, inventory Commodities are the non-recording of some financial events in the accrual accounting system, the lack of specialized and experienced personnel and the structural approach in the organizational structure of the public sector.

Public sector accounting is the system of accounting that involves recording and maintenance of books of accounts by the government authorities on their financial performance. There are three categories of organisations normally working in any environment: public, private and non-profit concerns. Each of these organisations are working on a different motive, for instance private sector organisations run for making more profit for their long-existence, public organisations or governments work for socioeconomic sustainable development of the country, where as NGOs are for rendering the services to the society at large. If this is the reality, it is clear that the financial transactions of each of these organisations are different from each other. So it is not possible to record their transactions as per single accounting standard. Hence, it is necessary to have different accounting standards applicable to these organisations individually. Government accounts must be available to the public in a transparent manner. To ensure this, it is necessary to have standards which are applicable to public sector to account for their financial transactions. The present paper is intended to analyse the public sector accounting system at the global level and in Indian context.

The Governmental Accounting Standards Board sets standards for the financial reporting of local and state governments. These standards are a guide for governments to use it to conduct their affairs and financial reporting better and more efficiently. Given the dynamic and ever-changing environment of the public sector, as well as the new issues that are constantly emerging in public finance issues (including in pension accounting and financial reporting units in recent years), the board should continuously evaluate its standards and conduct necessary reviews. Making effective changes in this area by the above board will enable users of financial reports to make more informed decisions and governments can also be accountable to the public for their oversight of public resources; On the other hand, it will be possible to compare governments.

The recent global Covid 19 disease crisis is unprecedented in its kind. The crisis spread rapidly and affected not only financial markets but also the real economies and many countries in a short period of time through quarantine and social distancing. One of the countries that suffered a lot from this crisis is Italy, which we will focus on in this article. Computational methods for information on solutions, reassurance and conflict resolution play an important role in crisis management. Italy has used special accounting methods and bank guarantees to address government financial issues resulting from the recent global crisis. However, studies show that financial commissions and standardizers in this country still consider cash accounting to be the most targeted and legitimate body of information it has chosen to evaluate its financial performance. But the important thing is that a major reference to cash accounting, regardless of the accrual information as well as the modified accrual information, has a short-term perspective. This view downplays some effects and does not take into account long-term effects. This is exactly what researchers do not recommend. Given the countries' studies and experiences of past crises, accrual accounting seems to facilitate decisionmaking on emergency measures.

Governmental accounting is a subset of accounting that has received less attention than other aspects of the profession. This is evident both in the number of educational units related to this course in different educational levels and in the small number of articles and dissertations that are written in this field. Many of the important trends in governmental accounting training, along with major changes to the practical guidelines, have been based on the efforts of the Board of Governmental Accounting Standards. This article mentions many governmental accounting educators, especially in the United States, who have made significant contributions to governmental accounting and auditing policies and it encourages current educators to look for ways to participate in the policy-making process. This article finally discusses the future prospects of governmental accounting education and concludes that public accounting instructors are well placed to help achieve educational advice.

Reporting on pension plans and measuring their dimensions has received more attention in the last decade. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) has previously issued two statements, no. 25 and 27. In this regard, there has been criticism from governments and users of government financial statements that the two statements do not fully measure and report liabilities. So they get misleading information. According to the two statements, governments were not required to report pension liabilities for which no budgets were provided in the comprehensive annual financial statements. Following this, the GASB issued Statements 67 and 68. Accordingly, state and local governments are required to report unfunded pension liabilities on their balance sheets, which provides a more complete picture of their financial health status. Of course, some researchers believe that pension plans provide optimistic estimates of budgeting due to statements 67 and 68. This and some other evidence suggest that the new guidelines also need to be amended to ensure proper measurement and budgeting in public sector pension planes.