پژوهشنامه جغرافیای انتظامی
پیاپی 34 (تابستان 1400)

Informal settlements are the product of inappropriate urban planning for the poor, whose needs and demands have been rightly ignored. Naturally should be witnessed, the growth of these settlements on the outskirts of cities in the absence of urban planning. These settlements are among the most prone to urban insecurity. These areas have several challenges, including vulnerability, crime, insecurity, lack of spatial, socio-economic and environmental justice, which will spread social insecurity in cities. "Security is one of the basic needs of human life, which comes after physiological needs such as food and water, and secondarily human needs.Crimes are considered a social problem in today's societies, which affect the lives of thousands of citizens every year. In fact, serious threats and violence against people and their property create considerable panic in society. Due to the special conditions of informal settlements regarding crime, establishing security in these areas and preventing the spread of insecurity in nearby cities requires the provision of practical solutions. To take appropriate action and establish this missing link, the security situation in these areas must first be Investigated and then offered a solution. In the present research, the status of informal settlements in area (19) of Tehran, which due to its special geographical location - located near the city as the southwestern entrance of Tehran, the establishment of warehouses and warehouses for waste, abandoned and ruined lands, Brick ovens, etc. - have been able to attract large populations from cities and villages in different provinces of the country and even immigrants from neighboring countries (Afghanistan), using descriptive-analytical research methods and citing library documents and data Field surveys (questionnaires) have examined the security situation. The results show the impact of security indicators on social, economic and cultural indicators of informal settlements.

The growing trend of committing crimes such as robbery in the country is a function of economic conditions, especially unemployment. Unemployment is one of the most chronic complications that is not pleasing to any economic system and is one of the main factors in increasing theft crimes in society. Given the importance of the issue of theft crimes, the present study has investigated the relationship between unemployment and theft in the country.The research method in this study is based on descriptive-analytical methods and the use of quantitative methods. In this research, the relationship between unemployment and robbery crimes in Iran in the period (2016-2017) has been investigated using a bivariate Moran spatial-correlational model. ArcGIS and GeoDa software were used to analyze the data as well as draw the maps. The required data and information have been obtained from the general population and housing censuses of the years (2006, 2011 and 2016) as well as the judicial affairs section of the statistical yearbooks of the country (2006-2017).The results of the research indicate that theft crimes in the country during 2016 compared to 2011 has increased by about (34.4) percent and compared to (2006) by about (208) percent. The results of the model of spatial autocorrelation between unemployment and robbery in the country indicated that the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Qom and Semnan in the H-H cluster (indicating the high rate of unemployment and robbery in these provinces). As well as neighboring provinces and the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan and West Azerbaijan are in the LL cluster (indicating low unemployment and theft in these provinces as well as neighboring provinces); Therefore, the results indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between unemployment and theft in the country.

The transport industry plays a key and effective role in the implementation of sustainable development programs of countries. One of the  most important parts of the transport industry is road transport security. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the vulnerability of the road transport network in the face of climate change.The method used in the present research is "double crime test" which is used to check the accuracy and homogeneity of data and control the quality of statistics. In this method, the "global climate" model and a ten-year statistical period were used, which was studied by weighting method with the aim of temporal and spatial analysis of data. The results and studies showed that climatic-meteorological limit indices extracted based on temperature and precipitation thresholds (percent, absolute, continuity, number of days, etc.) in the regression model according to the rate of road accidents in the regions. Different provinces had different weights; As a result, they had different levels of impact. In the northern regions, the most effective index among (5) determined indices were the maximum daily rainfall per month. Except in the southern axis of Lorestan province, where the warm night index had a greater effect on precipitation, what was clearly evident in the trend of changes in the percentage of accidents, the correspondence of the seasonal trend of indicators and the percentage of accidents and the correlation significance (0.00) Was among them; Therefore, the research hypotheses on the effect of climate change on climatic elements affecting road transport and climate change as the main vulnerability of the road transport network were confirmed.

Although the outbreak of coronary heart disease initially resulted in high rates of death from viral infections, over time, the dramatic increase in social ills caused the disease to become a serious threat to cities. Accordingly, the present study has been conducted with the aim of assessing the social harms caused by corona the neighborhoods of region 3 of Ardabil city by emphasizing the criteria of social harm and prioritizing them for future planning. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. The required data were obtained through survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population of study consists of citizens of District 3 of Ardabil city, of which 382 people were estimated as a sample based on Cochran's formula. Since the random sampling method was classified, 30 questionnaires and total of 480 questionnaires were distributed and completed for each neighborhood. To assess the social damage caused by the corona the studied areas, the relevant indicators using The entropy method of weighting and target areas were ranked using multi-criteria decision making techniques (TOPSIS, SAV, VICOR) and finally the Kopland integration technique was used to achieve the final prioritization. the results of implementation of the mentioned techniques, Malayosev and Malabashi neighborhoods with the lowest score the most unfavorable situation and in the first rank and Rezvan neighborhoods with the highest score in the last rank and with the best status in terms of social harms compared to other neighborhoods According to the respondents, following the outbreak of Covid virus 19 and the psychological stress caused by financial incapacity and economic poverty, it has increased social harms, which is more pronounced in urban suburbs such as Malabashi, Malayusuf and Bahonar.

In this study, while briefly introducing Lake Urmia and its catchment area, the most important factors affecting the current conditions of Lake Urmia and also the most important threats and damages caused by the continuation of this situation have been described. The main purpose of compiling this article is to explain the causes affecting the dryness of Lake Urmia and the resulting threats in order to adopt appropriate strategies and arrangements to get out of these conditions. The main research question: to what extent does the drying of Lake Urmia affect the general security of East Azerbaijan province? This research is applied in terms of type, descriptive method and survey in terms of data collection technique. The statistical population of the study was 102 people who were selected in full and the data collection tool was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire. (Cronbach's alpha) was collected and t-test was used to analyze the data.

Overdraft from the water resources of Lake Urmia in recent years has had adverse environmental and economic consequences. In addition to upsetting the demographic balance of East Azerbaijan Province, mass migration also poses several security challenges. In order to evaluate the indicators, the mean of a quantitative variable was compared with the constant value (t-test) and the mean equality test was used for a sample. If this trend continues, while creating social, economic and environmental problems for the region, events such as reduced political participation, the formation of protests and regional tensions over water resources, population displacement, reduction The legitimacy of the system, as well as the reduction of the efficiency of the security and law enforcement forces in the region, will result in the formation of security crises in this province.

One of the main problems in the low-income neighborhoods of today's cities is not paying attention to the concept of social capital as one of their important capacities, because in most large cities, the traditional communication and interaction system has changed drastically. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the desirability of social capital in urban low-income neighborhoods based on five selected research indicators (sense of social belonging, social cohesion, social cooperation, social security and social trust) and (36) variables in four neighborhoods (Altaher, Siyahi, Ameri). And Malachieh) is the metropolis of Ahvaz. The type of research is applied and based on a survey method with emphasis on the questionnaire. The statistical population is citizens living in the four neighborhoods studied and using the Cochran's formula, the sample size includes (380) people. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the data distribution and the signal test was used to check the status of the research variables. The general results of the sign test show: Ameri neighborhood with an average of (3.11) has a better situation than the other three neighborhoods in terms of research variables; Also, the results of Mabak technique show that Amiri neighborhood with Si value (final value as a function of options criteria) (2.360) is in the first rank and respectively tourist neighborhood (0.283) and Malashieh neighborhood with (-0.342) and Altaher neighborhood with (-0.973) in the ranks. The second to third are ranked in terms of five selected research indicators.