فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 141، تابستان 1400)

From Lufor’s perspective, space is constructed based on spatial operation, recreation and the space in which recreation takes place. This approach is a descriptive view of the relationship between space from a materialistic point of view and its dominant ideas with its dwellers. In this perspective, humans integrate distinct and indistinct data of space and create map-like mental images for collaboration and living purposes. Images show how humans construct an image of their surroundings, hence, highlighting the influential role of specific components in contributing to the formation of the images. The objective of this study is to characterize the imageability factors in living space of humans.

Quantitative survey as well as a graphic questionnaire (cognitive maps) are the methods of the current research. The obtained data will be analyzed based on their content. Houses of Gajar era located in Tabriz are studied herein.

Findings reveal that the representational components of the mental images of dwellers based on eight categories indicate attributes of space equivalent to spatial variety, spatial connectors, spatial interaction, spatial territory, spatial joints, spatial divisions, and distribution of spatial performance have been instilled as internal and external perceptions, as well as the in-between spaces, nature and natural phenomena, hierarchical relationship of the house with the city, hierarchical process of entrance from the alley to the house and from an outdoor space to an indoor one, performance-based and connection-based hierarchical processes inside an indoor space as well as distinctive features of each location.

components of imageability in space can be characterized by comparing operational space, recreative space, recreation space with its representational, mental and empirical counterparts. Representational components relate to the morphology of the space, while mental and empirical components relate to the ideas governing the space and deductions of human from these spaces

Due to the rapid expansion of urban areas, the lack of urban infrastructure in the countrychr('39')s metropolises is strongly felt. This infrastructure, in parallel with urban development, is vital for improving the quality of life in the countrychr('39')s metropolises. The present study was conducted using the CODAS multi-indicator technique with the aim of analyzing indicators related to urban infrastructure in Iranian metropolises.

The present analytical-comparative study was conducted using the information obtained through the statistics of Tehran in 2019. 10 metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Kermanshah and Hamedan, Rasht, Zahedan, and Kerman to study the indicators of the number of health services under the supervision of the municipality, the number of indoor sports facilities, the number of fire stations, the number of firefighters, the number of firefighting operations Fire, number of operated metro stations, the total number of parks, number of urban and forest parks, number of open parking lots and multi-story car parks owned by the municipality, number of simple and mechanized overpass bridges, number of open sports spaces, number of fuel stations CNG, owned by the municipality and the private sector, selected a number of permanent and temporary fruit and vegetable markets. Using Excel software, the weights of the indices were analyzed through the Shannon entropy model and used in the CODAS decision technique.

The highest Euclidean distance belonged to the Tehran metropolis (0.242) and the lowest Euclidean distance belonged to the Zahedan metropolis (0.009). According to the amount of h_ik obtained from THE CODAS technique, metropolises of Tehran (9.254), Mashhad (0.297), Isfahan (0.198), Shiraz (-0.131), Qom (-0.771), Hamedan (-1.555), Kermanshah (-1.960), Kerman (-2.143), Rasht (-2.199), and Zahedan (-2.496) were ranked first to tenth, respectively. The results showed that the Tehran metropolis was far away 8.957, 9.056, 9.385, 10.025, 11.214, 11.453, 10.809, 11.75, and 11.397 scores compared to Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Kermanshah, Rasht, Hamedan, Zahedan, and Kerman were, respectively.

The difference in scores obtained from the CODAS technique indicates the inequality of the studied metropolises in the amount of urban infrastructure in them.

Urban regeneration seeks to solve the problems of neighborhood erosion through the improvement of worn and damaged areas. In the meantime, stimulus projects and development of urban regeneration are productive in order to restore prosperity and development to the desired areas to launch a cycle of lively and dynamic activity in these areas. The purpose of this study was to provide a model for evaluating development stimulus projects in urban regeneration.

This applied qualitative research was conducted in 2020. Using a review of documents (articles, books, interviews, and lectures) related to development stimulus projects in the reconstruction of the dilapidated urban fabric in Persian in Iran, 2 documents were reviewed. The method of data analysis was qualitative analysis using content analysis and category coding.

The results of category categorization showed that the evaluation model of development stimulus projects had 5 dimensions including social, economic, physical, environmental, and sustainability dimensions. These dimensions consisted of several components, each of which corresponded to the needs of the inhabitants of the worn-out tissue and in line with the regeneration strategies of these tissues.

Development stimulus projects as a platform for social and economic functions promote socio-economic status in these contexts and increase the motivation to participate in the process of improvement and modernization in the local community and cause a desire in the sector. Private investments in tissue. In this way, it is necessary to use small-scale projects of job creation, participation of capital residents, the prosperity of small-scale activities, index, and multi-purpose and hybrid uses.

The development of large-scale construction projects has transformed the shape of cities towards specific objectives and based on economic and political perspectives that dominate policy-making and planning in cities. The purpose of the research was to study and analyze the spatiality of Mashhad construction mega-projects and to explain the constructive forces and dynamisms of these projects in the framework of the political economy of space approach.

The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2020 in Mashhad. Constructive dynamisms of 164 large-scale urban projects were identified and classified based on theoretical perspectives and through the Delphi technique based on the opinions of 50 elites and subject matter experts, and the model was presented. To test the five-factor model using structural equation modeling, the relationships between variables and generalization of results were discussed. Data were analyzed using SPSS26 and smartpls 3 software and confirmatory factor analysis test.

Based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the model had an acceptable fit with the data. At the transnational level, the Policy-Management and Programs factor with a factor-load (0.745), at the national-regional level, the institutional-organizational factor with a factor-load (0.802) and at the local level, the economic-political factor with a factor-load (0.772). They are important in the first place. The model had validity and reliability.

The results of research analysis based on the philosophy of creating construction mega-projects in Mashhad within the framework of five identified and consolidated factors indicate the role of drivers of policy dynamisms at the transnational level, institutional-organizational forces at the national-regional level and economic and political forces at the local level.

Land-use change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional and development planning. The aim of this study was to detect land-use changes using Landsat TM, ETM+, IRS and ASTER satellite imagery.

In this quasi-experimental study, land-use changes in the Haraz watershed over a 23-year period were evaluated. For this study, images of 1992 TM, ETM + 2002, and IRS and 2015 ASTER of Landsat satellite were used, and after performing the necessary actions in the preprocessing stage, a supervised classification and change detection map was prepared. Idrisi Andes, ArcGIS, ENVI, Edrisi Andes, and Statistica software were used. Also, to check the significance of the changes, the chi-square test was used in SPSS software.

The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were 0.84 and 0.79 for TM, 0.86 and 0.80 for ETM+, and 0.95 and 0.90 for IRS results respectively. The results showed that rangelands, forest, agricultural lands, and water-covered areas had converted to garden regions, building zone, and no vegetation. The results showed that 2.21%, 1.29%, and 7.01% increased in garden regions, building zone and no vegetation and 5.06%, 4.50% and 0.85% decreased in rangelands, forest, and agricultural lands during 23 years, also water-covered areas decreased.

The land use classes in the Haraz watershed have changed a lot during the time series 1992-2015. During this period, the area of natural lands (forests and pastures) with a rate of change of about 828 hectares per year and the same amount has been added to the area of the garden and residential lands.

The dust crisis and the numerous problems caused by it, which have affected most of the Western and Southwestern regions of Iran in recent years, need an appropriate and cost-effective solution to improve living and respiratory conditions without adverse human or environmental effects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the location of injection technology equipment to reduce the concentration of fine dust in Ahvaz City, Iran.

This theoretical study was performed based on the results of previous experimental data on the effect of atmospheric ionization in a radius of about 100km from the center of Ahvaz City, Iran. In this theoretical study, the effective exchange points of electromagnetic fields were redirected in the covered area based on satellite data and electric field information of the earthchr('39')s surface and troposphere. For this purpose, a triple combination of quasi-experimental method of latitude ionosphere model, Lagrangian distribution model and atmospheric chemical arithmetic model was used. Mathworks Matlab R2020b and Envi 5.3 software were used for processing.

According to theoretical calculations and change of atmospheric parameters by applying location corrections, the concentration of fine dust in dust conditions less than 700 micrograms per cubic meter can be reduced by 5-11% and in dust conditions above 700 micrograms per cubic meter by about 21-3%. Precipitation can also increase by 3-13%.

Dynamic location of troposphere ionization equipment can reduce the concentration of fine dust by 3 to 21% and increase precipitation by 5 to 11% in Ahvaz based on theoretical calculations.

Reducing the citychr('39')s vulnerability in times of crisis and emergencies is part of the urban design mission. Hence, passive defense measures have been developed to reduce the vulnerability of cities in times of crisis. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting passive defense in the performance of urban spaces in the area of Enghelab Square in Tehran.

This research was based on an evidence-based design method in the area of Enghelab Square in Tehran in 2020. So, first case samples and previous research were reviewed and then vulnerability indicators were extracted. Then, these indicators were weighed against each other using the AHP method and using the opinions of experts in the field of urban planning, urban management, and passive defense, and the importance of each to the other was determined. The weight of each element was applied in the relevant layers in the spatial system and with GIS 10.8 software, vulnerability zoning was performed for each of the main indicators.

In the Enqelab square area, the indicators of vulnerability were: vital arteries (water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, and fuel station), physical structure (building density, texture, and width of passages), relief centers (hospital and fire department), access network, and Transportation (metro, bus, and traffic volume), at-risk population (population density), concentration of activities (educational and cultural, commercial-administrative, cinema, mosque, and church), and political-security centers (military centers, judiciary centers, Embassy, and Justice) In the vulnerability assessment matrix of the study area, it was determined that injuries such as fire, difficulty in providing assistance in times of crisis and traffic problems in all of these indicators, and finally, the final vulnerability map of the area was obtained.

Based on the considerations and principles of passive defense, the vulnerability of the study area increases in a crisis situation.

Philosophical research in the study of political geography in Iran is very limited. Among the existing cases, we encounter a kind of theoretical confusion that results from a lack of sufficient scientific and philosophical accuracy. Therefore, this study seeks to address the critical philosophical geopolitical critique in the writings of Ó Tuathail and Dalby by pointing out the necessity of conducting philosophical research in the field of geography and enumerating some of the negative consequences of this fundamental neglect. The whole focus of critical geopolitics is on the field of epistemology; As if ontology could exist independently of ontology. As a result, it cannot offer a cognitive and theoretical approach to geography and erroneously pretends that science and objectivity are possible only in a positivist form. Ignoring the importance of ontology has made critical geopolitics unable to offer a liberating approach, contrary to its claims. This is why we encounter widespread confusion in the cognitive debates of Ó Tuathail and Dalby. The present study is a kind of fundamental-theoretical research that tries to answer the proposed questions by using the method of logical analysis and library resources. The alternative theoretical basis is derived from Bhaskar’s philosophy of science as critical realism.

Critical geopolitical ontology is a kind of human-centered, idealistic, and therefore subjectivist ontology that reduces the whole of reality to discourse and thus lacks a layered philosophical approach and cannot interact with the non-discourse and structural layers of reality and, more importantly, with reality. Explain discourse and non-discourse). Because of this flat ontology, critical geopolitics cannot discern the mental and objective layers of geopolitical reality and their dialectical relationship. As a result, theorizing is reduced to a mere critique that preoccupies the subject before recognizing the subject.

Increasing consumption of the earthchr('39')s primary resources (materials and energy) in addition to the production of environmental and atmospheric pollutants (especially CO2), poses a serious threat to sustainable human life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using concrete, brick and wood in traditional construction in northwestern Iran on energy consumption and carbon emissions.

This quantitative experimental study was conducted during 2015-2020 in two provinces of West- and East Azerbaijan (northwest of Iran). Concrete, brick and wood were selected as the materials studied. For each of the selected materials, 3 factories were selected. Preliminary information on the number of employees, gas input and electricity consumption was obtained from the HSE center of each plant. Data obtained from the survey of industrial units, quantities related to the amount of electricity consumption, the amount of gas consumption, the amount of manpower employed in the production line and in the transportation sector and the amount of diesel fuel used in rail and road transport. Using Revit software for modeling and Energyplus for energy analysis, the average of different industrial units was calculated for each material. Daily energy consumption of manpower was determined according to BMR and PAL according to the type of activity, height and weight dimensions and age.

The average consumption of electrical energy to produce each ton of cement was 110kw.h, each ton of brick was 35kw.h and each ton of wood was 900kw.h. The total latent energy for the production of each ton of ready-mixed concrete was 559290kw and released 92t of CO2, each ton of produced brick was 283220kw and released 47.5t of CO2 and each ton of timber produced was 7213kw and the released 675kg of CO2.

Despite the long distances due to the lack of gas in the production line, wood is the greenest material and concrete is the most polluting material due to the high dependence of the production line on gas consumption.

Urban politics is one of the fields of study that has attracted the attention of political geographers since the chr('39')60s and since the mid-90s, the emergence of specialized approaches such as urban political geography and urban geopolitics has entered the field of political geography and geographers. They have provided expert opinions and views in this field. Siri in the thought of famous philosophers shows the early attention of the city to politics. They studied the city as a political society, where human potential nature could be actualized and perfected. Therefore, the study of the city in time periods has been more focused on politics and political planning; because the city was considered the place and bed of human growth. In this review study, the political, economic and cultural issues of the city and urbanism in political geography at the micro level were studied.

The study of the relationship between politics and urban space is very important in the development of political geography and the study of political geographers. From the point of view of political geographers, the city and the citizen as the main actors are changing the scope of power and sovereignty of countries in the world. In fact, developed countries are the hosts of global cities. Today, the most key decisions are made in the political, economic, and cultural dimensions on an urban scale; that is, where power is concentrated and ultimately finds its way into the changing structures of world economics and politics.

The concept of governmentality was first proposed by Michel Foucault in 1978; Includes the study of techniques, processes, and approaches in which governments control all aspects of citizenschr('39') lives. The formulation of this concept in the humanities and social sciences, including cultural geography, has epistemological consequences which have changed cultural geographychr('39')s position among other branches of human geography. This article attempted to rely on the interpretive method and within the framework of governmentality, concepts were explored the epistemological consequences of this concept in cultural geography.

The research findings indicate that in the context of governmentality; Genealogy becomes an important tool in recognizing the cultural geography symbols and processes. However, the genealogy of political power is not possible without considering the political economy paleontology and as result, discontinuity is part of political economy nature. Hence the epistemology of cultural geography leads to relativism. On this basis, none of the characteristics such as nature, necessity, totality, and eternity like natural laws and the real perceptions attached to it do apply to relative phenomena in cultural geography. At the same time, recognizing the ideal processes and symbols that seek criticism and replacement with the existing culture is important. Hence, in cultural geography influenced by governmentality, it is considered important to study the marginalized social class.

The present study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of health services, the extent of access of citizens and vulnerable groups to health services as a case study in the city of Urmia.

The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2020 in Urmia, Iran. The required data were obtained from the latest statistics related to the 2016 census and land use information collected by the Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture of Urmia Municipality in 2020. Inequalities in access to health care for citizens and vulnerable groups were analyzed using the MABAK technique. ArcGIS 10.3 software was used.

About 34% of the population of Urmia was not covered by medical services and also about one year of the population was not covered by medical services. In general, among the affected groups, the elderly, immigrants and the unemployed have the best access to medical services, respectively, and also children, illiterates, and women are in a worse situation than other groups. Also, the central areas of Urmia were at the "privileged" level in terms of access to health services for all residents and vulnerable groups, and the level of access to health services for residents of suburban areas, who often live in Zone 2, was better than residents of the most affluent areas who often live in Zone 1.

Medical services should be located in Urmia in such a way that all citizens, especially vulnerable groups, can easily use them. As a result, in order to increase the access of citizens and vulnerable groups to health services, it seems necessary to pay attention to the proper distribution of these services throughout the city and also in relation to the distribution of population and its density.