مجله علوم سیاسی
پیاپی 54 (بهار 1400)

Iran - Saudi Arabia, the two most powerful powers have always sought to maximize power equations and gain the highest position in the Middle East. Although these two actors have managed to showcase their strength in the region at some point in history, they have always faced many challenges due to the inconsistency of national requirements and international requirements. For example, before the Islamic Revolution, with the backing of the United States, Iran succeeded in asserting its power in the region; Could not. Now, with this descriptive-analytical research method, this research seeks to answer the question of what are the requirements of the Saudi-Iranian competition for a regional power plan in the Middle East? The provisional hypothesis is that gaining regional status in the Middle East requires both actors to have both material and immaterial power, as well as the behavior and policies of other regional and transnational governments. The findings of the study, by applying neoclassical realism theory, and analyzing the requirements of the power plan, at two levels of micro and macro analysis, suggest that the existence of different national capacities, relying on, or opposing the existing order, prevents one of these two states from topping. Over the Middle East's power equations. The method of gathering data and data is based on the library method.

Women's rights are more in the spotlight today than ever before in human societies and political and social institutions, which, if not addressed, will create many problems in societies, regardless of the damage to women's physical and mental health. They make up half of the world's population. The oppression and injustice that has historically been imposed on women's society has led international and domestic legislators to enact laws and regulations to prevent such oppression and to protect women's rights in all areas; Iran is no exception to this rule. In Iran, with the Constitutional Revolution in 1304 AH, the first constitution was written and despite the efforts of women in the emergence of this movement, the first constitution and its amendment did not mention women, but later ordinary laws were passed on women. They laid down. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1978, the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran paid more attention to women's rights and the family was considered a fundamental and sacred institution, and the Islamic Consultative Assembly passed more and more laws on women's political and social rights. We are also witnessing positive changes in Iranian laws regarding women; In this article, with the method of descriptive-analytical research, an attempt has been made to express the changes in the legislation of Iran regarding women, from Qajar to the present day.

Sustainable development, which has become a kind of "neo-Malthusian" view, involves an approach to the benefit of the environment that fully preserves the environment, cohesion and sustainability through the use of resources. The use of resource, environment and resource to produce the same level of harvest, both quantitatively and qualitatively, has been preserved in the future. "Time". Equilibrium can only be achieved in the form that all those who upset the balance are eliminated or the opponents work to neutralize it. Increasing sustainability requires a holistic approach. As you can consider the dreams, you can also pay attention to the whole. On the sustainable side, it implies "the maintenance of resources and wealth by every generation or every level of human development." In fact, the type of system governing the relationship between the government and the people on the extent and scope of sustainable development in that system plays an important role.

The future is uncertain, and scenarios teach us to think about the unknown, to unravel today's cumbersome assumptions, and to be able to identify the discontinuities that may change our world. Accordingly, in order to predict the security situation of the country in the coming years and design appropriate security scenarios, it is absolutely necessary to pay attention to the ethnic situation and ethnic challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify the drivers of pan-Kurdish ideology in relation to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This research is applied in terms of nature and purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. Its statistical population is in the form of a panel of experts according to the futures research approach. The drivers of this research were identified by cross-matrix method using Mick Mac software.

The findings of this study showed seven variables: the involvement of foreign factors, the activities of Kurdish-language satellite networks, the development of virtual networks, underdevelopment, the substitution of Persian instead of the native language, regional competition and the effects of Iraqi Kurdistan. They were identified as key variables extracted from Mick Mac software in the form of three economic, political and cultural drivers.

The results of this study also indicate that all seven variables identified by Mick Mac software are consistent with the realities and situation of pan-Kurdism in the region.

Terrorism is one of the international crimes that as a not-so-emerging phenomenon has been able to disrupt international order and security by using the factor of fear and attacking the civilian population. This shows the need to deal with it. These include the drafting of the Rome Convention by governments to combat international crimes and gross violations of humanitarian law. Based on this, the question arises whether the International Criminal Court, within the framework of its statute, has the possibility of dealing with terrorist crimes? A look at the terrorist acts committed by terrorist groups can provide us with a list of examples of terrorist acts that can be applied to domestic crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. Accordingly, although the crime of terrorism is not within the jurisdiction of the Court (Article 5) Compared to other crimes mentioned in this article, it can be prosecuted. However, in terms of territorial, temporal, personal and complementary jurisdiction, there are limitations for criminal proceedings by the International Criminal Court.

Man is a social being according to his natural tendency, and this necessity causes the formation of social relations and the formation of societies. Political society governs affairs with political power. One of the important issues in political systems is the existence of parties. Political parties and groups can maintain the security of society through efforts to increase the level of po. In Iran, parties have been recognized in Article 26 of the Constitution, but for various sociological, political, economic, cultural and social reasons, they have not had a proper qualitative and functional development. During political development, one of the important tasks of the political system is how to use its capabilities and make proper use of the system's capabilities. Since parties are one of the main models of participation in the distribution of political power and in general one of the main criteria of political development, so the high ability of the mechanisms of the political system to develop political parties should be considered as important factors of party stability. It seems to be one of the most important factors in the extra-legal role affecting the efficiency of parties in the Iranian political system, in addition to political stability and assimilation of public culture along with moderating government control, political power of parties and institutionalizing the participation of civil society in non-decision making.

One of the obstacles to countering terrorism is disagreement about the concept and nature of this phenomenon. The constituent elements of terrorism have not been universally agreed upon, and this has led to different perceptions of terrorism and, as a result, a lack of coordination in the fight against it. The fundamental question that arises in this regard is what are the characteristics and elements emphasized in the crime of terrorism? What is the place of motive and ideology in the definition of terrorist crimes in Iranian law compared to international documents? The present article is a descriptive-analytical and examines the question using the library method. The results of the study indicate that systemic violence, motivation (ideology), organization and lack of legitimacy are the most important characteristics of the crime of terrorism. International documents, including the UN General Assembly definition of terrorism, mention motive as a feature of terrorism, but in Iranian criminal law, the basis is not an independent criminal title for terrorism and emphasizes the systematic violence of terrorism in creating public terror. In Iranian criminal law, terrorism is mainly dealt with as moharebeh. Terrorism is considered in international documents or as an international crime in itself.

In this paper, using the descriptive-analytical method and the method of documentary collection, it is attempted to delineate the underdeveloped Iran in the Qajar era with respect to the role of government policy and characteristics from the viewpoint of Myrdal. How can Iran's underdevelopment in the Qajar era be explained by the role and peculiarities of the soft government from Myrdal's point of view?Findings indicate that the Iranian society in the Qajar era, which coincided with industrial development in the West, was increasingly exposed to the outside and the aforementioned developments, while at the same time having many problems within it, most notably Referring to the arbitrary rule of kings, the failure to enforce the rule of law in the country, the disobedience of powerful community groups including the Qajar dynasty, landlord aristocrats, tribal elders and merchants of existing laws and regulations, as well as widespread bureaucratic corruption. The soft government of Myrdal is in the political structure of Iran, which led to the Qajar era Lack the ability to enforce law, control internal affairs, and compel various groups to enforce state laws and regulations, as well as to take serious action to root out corruption at various levels and thus impede the development and implementation of modernization programs in the country. Let this era be created.

International Law of water is a subcategory of International environment law which they overlap in terms of applicable laws. While the field of international law of water is a brand-new field and many of its aspects face research gap dealing with each aspect can be regarded untapped. States accept obligations through different treaties and conventions by which they are obliged to perform, the field of water which the most important parts are international watercourses and freshwater at the international arena are of high significance. Managing and protecting such waters brings up challenges from the perspective of international law for the watercourses states which it is due to fragmentation of international law. Some believe in coherence and systematic aspect of this field, but some others bearing in mind fragmentation of international law, believe that international law of water is also affected by fragmentation. In this article we attempt, regarding environmental obligations of states, to examine fragmentation and coherence aspects of the existing rules.

The covert and overt rivalry between Russia and the United States continued in the years following World War II.The breakaway countries of the Soviet Union are among the centers of strategic rivalry between the two countries.On the one hand, the United States has exerted its influence and dominance in these republics within the framework of its grand goals.On the other hand, this US strategy has threatened Russia's political and economic interests in the region And that is why Russia is trying to prevent the expansion of the US presence in the region by creating a buffer zone Iran's anti-Westernization in recent years includes Iran's nuclear activity, Iranophobia, Western psychological warfare against Iran And the very nature of Iran-Russia anti-Westernism has led to mutual relations in recent years in the form of a crisis in Syria And support for the government of Bashar al-Assad, which exists in the form of conflict with the West It has well reflected the expansion of relations between the two countries.